1571-1629/979-1309 AH (r. 1587-1629/995-1039 AH)

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Iran

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Chahar Bagh is the main boulevard of Isfahan, Iran. It was built as a part of a larger urban project undertaken between 1596 and 1597 by the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Safavid/year/1512" target="_blank">Safavid</a>&nbsp;Shah Abbas I. Its name, literally translated as "four gardens", refers to a popular garden typology consisting of four plots divided by waterways or&nbsp;paths forming a cruciform plan. The public boulevard is 1,650 meters long and consists of four quadpartite gardens arranged along a north-south axis that slopes towards the south. Each quadpartite unit is composed of two square and two rectangular plots separated by pathways and is located slightly lower than the preceding unit. Together, they are experienced as a single boulevard with a central promenade flanked by axial garden plots. The gardens have since been converted into roadways, with plane trees lining either side. Running along the center of the promenade was a water channel with cascades; the promenade now only features circular flower beds and light posts. The Chahar Bagh is located approximately 535 meters to the west of the main city square (maidan), and urbanistically serves as the main north-south artery of the city from which all other east-west avenues spring. Between the Chahar Bagh and the Maidan are the royal gardens. Overlooking the northern end of the boulevard is a small glass pavilion. The boulevard continues on the other side of the Zayandeh river, crossed by the Allahverdi Khan Bridge (b. 1602), where the royal gardens of Hazar Jarib are located. Further south, the Chahar Bagh connects Isfahan with Julfa, an Armenian Colony settled during the reign of Shah Abbas. The Chahar Bagh continues to be an important social gathering place of Isfahan. At its inception, it was lined by palaces and residences of noblemen that faced on to it with open arcades giving views to their private gardens. In 1706-1714, the large madrasa complex of Madar-e Shah was built along the eastern side of the boulevard. Today, it is lined with shops, hotels, and some remaining palaces. Sources: Blake, Stephen. Half the World: The Social Architecture of Safavid Isfahan, 1590-1722. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 1999. Blunt, Wilfrid. Isfahan: Pearl of Asia. London: Elek Books, 1966. 72-73. Pope, Arthur Upham, ed., with the assistance of Phyllis Ackerman. A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Vol. 3, Architecture, Its Ornament, City Plans, Gardens. 3rd ed. Tehran: Soroush Press, 1977. 3, 1407-1410. Alemi, Mahvash. "Chahar Bagh." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre I (1986): 38-45. Katouzian, Shahab. "The Sense of Place in Persian Gardens." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre II (1986): 42-47. "Chahar Bagh." Isfahan Webserver. Last modified April 10, 1999 <a href="http://www.isfahan.org.uk/4bagh/4bagh1l.htm" target="_blank">http://www.isfahan.org.uk/4bagh/4bagh1l.htm</a> [Accessed August 13, 2013]<div> </div><div>ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:</div><div> </div><div><a href="http://iranshahrpedia.ir/view/13685" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">http://iranshahrpedia.ir/view/13685</a> </div>

Chahar Bagh

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The caravanserai at Gaz, situated some 20 kilometers north of Isfahan, is one of numerous similar structures were built along trade routes in the first half of the seventeenth century under the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Safavid/year/1512" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Safavid</a>&nbsp;monarch <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Abbas</a>. It is rectangular in plan (measuring 96 by 83 meters) with round towers at the corners. The exterior is articulated with arched niches. A projected portal provides access to the internal courtyard, which follows the typical four-iwan plan. Sources: Hunarfar, Lotfollah. 1965. Gangine-ye Asar-e Tarikhi-ye Isfahan. Isfahan: Saghafi, 192-194.

Abbasi Caravanserai Gaz

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<blockquote>Mazandaran gained importance during the reign of the Safavid Shah <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">‘Abbas,</a> who had a predilection for hunting and wintering (qishlāq) in this region, where he created gardens in Miyan Kala, Astarabad, Farahabad, Ashraf, Sari, Amol, Baghat, and Barforush. These varied from porches and pavilions, located in natural sites, to garden complexes placed close to existing urban centers or to new settlements populated by people who had been deported from from Georgia. Iskandar Munshi mentions, among the works in Ashraf, the beautiful houses and gardens with a spring and a hawz̤khānah with a silver basin on the upper floors, fed by water brought cunningly from a point higher on the slopes of the mountains. The gardens included columned porches, loggias, a lake (daryācha), water jets, a hammām, and a paradise-like small garden (bāghcha). Munshi writes that the works for the fine buildings at Ashraf started in 1021 AH/1612, after which porches (tālār), a bath (hammām), and service buildings (buyūtāt) were added.</blockquote><blockquote>Since Ashraf had become the shah's favorite retreat in Mazandaran, most of his intimates and court officials built their residences there, and it became a celebrated city. It was considered as the second capital of Shah ‘Abbas, where he would also receive guests and ambassadors. Pietro della Valle shows in a drawing the royal garden in which he was given audience on 4 March 1618. His drawing is the only graphical document that shows the features of the audience palace (divān khānah), in front of which was a great pond, called a lake, before it was destroyed by the Afghans and rebuilt by Nadir Shah in 1144 AH/1731. By 1743, the palace had already fallen into neglect and was again rebuilt in the twentieth century.</blockquote><blockquote>The gardens were situated southwest of the city, at the foot of Sut Klum Mountain. The gardens were accessed through a gate in a maydān where facilities for public use were provided. Pietro della Valle mentions a bath in 1618, and a cistern still existed when de Morgan surveyed the remains published by Sarre in 1910. Henry Viollet produced detailed surveys in 1913. The first garden was <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3906" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Bagh-i Chihil Sutun</a> or Divankhanah, with the great pond (daryācha). To the east of this garden was Bagh-i Tappe or Andarun with a gatehouse. South of this was Bagh-i Zaytun, to the southeast was Bagh-i Chishma or Hawzkhanah, and to the west was Bagh-i Shumal. This last was accessed by a walk leading to a pavilion at a higher level, with four loggias known as Safi Abad from which, according to Hommaire de Hell, a beautiful view of the Caspian Sea could be enjoyed. There was an enclosure in which were a bath and stables, south of which was Bagh-i Khalvat and Bagh-i Sahib-i Zaman. The restored plan of these gardens, overlaid on a modern map, shows their perfect adherence to the topolines and the nature of site, characterized by the mountains covered with woods and the spring, where the pavilion called Imarat-i Chashma was built. The paintings at Ashraf were copied by Sarkis Katchadourian and exhibited in 1934. Traces of this garden-city still survive.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Travel Account,&nbsp;1860 | Travel Account,&nbsp;1614</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:I giardini reali di Ashraf e Farahâbâd&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/NXA7AFUZ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Tārīkh-i ʻālam-i ārā-yi ʻAbbāsī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/CV6SG2N6" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Voyage en Turquie et en Perse exécuté par ordre du gouvernement français, pendant les années 1846, 1847 et 1848&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/8VHSQ9BV" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Les jardins d’Ashraf vus par Henry Viollet&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/YS8ZMZXC" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Exposition de fresques Persanes&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/9B2IMCZK" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Denkmäler persischer Baukunst: Geschichtliche Untersuchung und Aufnahme muhammedanischer Backsteinbauten in Vorderasien und Persien&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/4NTWAIW2" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a><ul><li> </li></ul>Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Dawlatkhanah of Ashraf.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Dawlatkhanah of Ashraf (MEGT)

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<blockquote>Bagh-i Jannat, the garden in which the Spanish ambassador Don Garcia de Silva y Figueroa was received by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas</a> on the 17 June 1618, is represented in a drawing by Pietro della Valle. The garden was thickly planted with plane trees. There was a great pond in front of a house, perhaps in the center of the garden, where a small wooden loggia was installed; this was where the king, the Spanish ambassador, and a Turkish commander (sardar) sat. All the other guests were seated around the pond. According to Figueroa, the pond measured 100 paces along each side and access to the pavilion was across a small bridge of 4 or 5 feet in length. This might be the same pond described by the poet of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Tahmasp</a>, ‘Abdi Bayk Navidi (1515–1580), in the royal gardens created by Shah Tahmasp. It was to the west of the palace known as Khana-yi Shirvani, in which stood a tālār, connected by a bridge. The Khana-yi Shirvani is represented at the crossing of the axis of a garden behind the ‘Ali <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/2712" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Qapu</a> in a drawing by Kaempfer (see Bagh-i Sa‘adat at Qazvin).</blockquote><blockquote>Source: Travel Account,&nbsp;1618</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:Kulliyāt-i Navīdī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/8PTFCQ4Q" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>I giardini reali di Ashraf e Farahâbâd&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/NXA7AFUZ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Palais et jardins: Le complexe royal des premiers Safavides à Qazvin, milieu XVIe–début XVIIe siècles&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/BPGIFX5C" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>MSS Ottoboni Latino 3382, 3383, and 3384&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/IWT2JBCY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Bagh-i Jannat.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Bagh-i Jannat (MEGT)

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<blockquote>The Bagh-i Khalvat, located south of the Chihil Sutun Garden, was where the shah held private meetings. Among the works carried out during the reign of<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Shah ‘Abbas</a>,&nbsp;Munshi refers to gilded private apartments (khalvat khānah) called Sarvistan, Nigaristan, and Guldasta. We may assume thus that the Bagh-i Khalvat was created before 1598, when Munshi says that architects and engineers completed the sublime buildings for the Naqsh-i Jahan. There were two buildings in this garden, as shown in the plan by Kaempfer. One was along the southern wall of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/2711" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Chihil Sutun</a>; the other stood against the wall between Khalvat Garden and Anguristan. It had a four-ṣuffa (open with four loggias on its sides) plan with a basin in the middle, a lobed basin in front of its southern loggia near a tower from which the king accessed the haram, and a third basin at the crossing of the main axis of the two buildings. The first mention to a chahār ṣuffa building, on the grounds of the Bagh-i Naqsh-i Jahan, is by Munajjim and dated to 1011 AH/1602. Its location next to the haram coincides with the chahār ṣuffa on the western side of Bagh-i Khalvat. It had three pools with fountains, one in the exact center, another on its western side and the third to the left. Tahir-i Vahid dates the khalvat khānah and its gardens to 1658–1659, and it is probable that he is referring to the addition of a tālār in front of the building that stood along the wall between this garden and Chihil Sutun. Bagh-i Khalvat was modified when the Sara-yi Sadri was built on its grounds during the reign of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2693" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a> (1797–1834), as documented in a drawing by Coste in 1840.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Travel Account, 1840, Travel Account, 1684</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:Four Sources on Shah ‘Abbas’s Buildings of Isfahan&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/UQT9X7NY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Tārīkh-i ʻAbbāsī, yā, Rūznāmah-ʼi Mullā Jalāl: shāmil-i vaqāyiʻ-i darbār-i Shāh ʻAbbās Ṣafavī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/AS39R7QV" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Tārīkh-i ʻālam-i ārā-yi ʻAbbāsī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/CV6SG2N6" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>I giardini reali di Ashraf e Farahâbâd&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/NXA7AFUZ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Giardini reali e disegno del paesaggio ad Esfahan e nel territorio iraniano alla luce dei documenti inediti di Pascal Coste&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/X795M6IV" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Bagh-i Khalvat.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Bagh-i Khalvat (MEGT)

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IAA706118

<blockquote>The Chihil Sutun Garden stood on the grounds of the Naqsh-i Jahan Gardens, to which belonged also the pavilion called Jahan Nama on its western flank and Khiyaban-i Chaharbagh on the northern end. It became known as Bagh-i Chihil Sutun only after the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/2711" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Chihil Sutun</a> (“forty pillars”) pavilion was created.</blockquote><blockquote>Jabiri reports that<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Shah ‘Abbas</a> I designed it. The first unequivocal reference to the Chihil Sutun building is, however, during the reign of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2599" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas II</a>. Three panegyrics were written contemporary to its building. One was found in 1327 AH/1948 on six hexagonal slabs inscribed in nasta‘līq script that once decorated the building; this is confirmed by Tahir-i Vahid, who describes the Chihil Sutun and reports the occasion of the poem's composition, saying that its final hemistich, mubarak tarin bana ha-yi dunya, was the chronogram corresponding to the year 1057 AH/1647. Tahir-i Vahid himself composed two poems in praise of the building. The most important poem is by Muhammad Ali Saib-i Tabrizi Isfahani, the court poet of&nbsp;Shah ‘Abbas II, which was written on the occasion of the building’s inauguration, and which singles out sections of the building and its decoration. Drawings by Kaempfer and Coste show the garden and its building in the years 1684 and 1840. A great part of its mirror decoration was destroyed by Zill al-Sultan in 1300 AH/1883. <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2427" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Sultan Husayn</a> carried out repairs on the Chihil Sutun after a fire in 1318 AH/1901.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Travel Account,&nbsp;17th century, Travel Account,&nbsp;19th century</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:Safavid Palaces at Isfahan: Continuity and Change (1590–1666)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/7DDL348G" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Tarikh-i Isfahan va Ray va hamah-i jahan&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/9B6YYJ4U" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Safavid Royal Gardens and Their Urban Relationships&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/R7V8HF29" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Abbasnama, MS Add. 7656&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/A3HPWK2H" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Bagh-i Chihil Sutun.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Bagh-i Chihil Sutun (MEGT)

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Isfahan. Chihil Sutun. View of garden from talar. 

<blockquote>‘Ali Qapu is today a five-story entry palace facing the Maydan-i Shah. It stands on the eastern flank of the Timurid garden known from at least the fifteenth century as Bagh-i Naqsh-i Jahan. The date of its creation is vague and was definitely in two phases, as proved during the restoration works carried out by the Italian IsMEO team. Natanzi dates the leveling of the maydān for polo and horse racing to 998 AH/1590, which would coincide with the first phase of its creation. The earliest references to a dawlatkhānah on these grounds are in the descriptions of the visits in 1505 by Shah Ismail I and in 1576 by Ismail II. Writing of the events of the year 996 AH/1587, the chronicler Natanzi relates that when <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas I</a> visited Isfahan, he stayed at the houses of the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3889" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Husayniyya</a>, explaining that the Bagh-i Naqsh-i Jahan, “where nothing like its garden and building exists in Isfahan,” was damaged by Farhad Beg the governor of Isfahan, who had the trees in the royal garden felled in order to build his mansion. The sources do not indicate when the restoration of the gardens occurred, but in 1590, Natanzi relates that Shah ‘Abbas visited Isfahan and stayed at the dawlatkhānah of Bagh-i Naqsh-i Jahan, implying that the rehabilitation of the royal gardens took place during the intervening three years. The first description of a new building in the palace precincts is related by Natanzi in 1002/1593, when Alpan Beg was dispatched to Isfahan to build a suitable residence beside the Naqsh-i Jahan dawlatakhānah for the stay of Hajim Khan. Alpan Beg designed a lofty structure to the east of the dawlatkhanah, on the roof of which Shah ‘Abbas likely held a gathering in 1593. However the only clear mention of "a five story entry/palace (dargāh-i panj tabaqa) is by the chronicler Iskandar Munshi, who mentions it among the works carried out by Shah ‘Abbas. In 1617, Pietro della Valle was the first traveler to draw a plan of the maydān vestibule of the dawlatkhānah showing the ‘Ali Qapu structure. The columned porch (tālār) that stands on its terrace looking over the maydān was built in 1643, during the reign of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2599" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas II</a> and under the supervision of his vizier, Saru Taqi. A royal reception was held in the tālār in 1645.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Travel Account,&nbsp;1617 | Court Chronicle,&nbsp;1684</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:Four Sources on Shah ‘Abbas’s Buildings of Isfahan&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/UQT9X7NY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Safavid Palaces at Isfahan: Continuity and Change (1590–1666)&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/7DDL348G" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>MS Add. 7656&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/PBQZJ4AY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Il giardino persiano: tipi e modelli&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/XNEA6MAK" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Two Building Phases of the Time of Shah ‘Abbas in the Maydan-i Shah of Isfahan: Preliminary Notes&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/4QZ6XIW8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Jughrafiya-yi Isfahan [Geography of Isfahan]&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/PAHY4HRS" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at:Alemi, Mahvash. “‛Ali Qapu.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

‛Ali Qapu (MEGT)

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IMG12469

<blockquote>The Guldasta pavilion is mentioned by Iskandar Munshi as one of the private apartments (khalva khānah) built by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas</a> among the works carried out in the year 1598 on the grounds of Bagh-i Naqsh-i Jahan. It stood on the eastern flank of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/136" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Bagh-i Hasht Bihisht</a> or Bulbul, to which it was linked by an entry pavilion. From here a water canal ran west–east, forming the main axis of the composition. Along this axis was a sixteen-sided pavilion called Guldasta, surrounded by basins and canals on an octagonal layout; a chahār ṣuffa (four loggia) pavilion called Utchi Martaba (three-floors), also surrounded by basins and canals on a rectangular layout; and a hammām on its eastern end. The plan of this garden drawn by Engelbert Kaempfer in 1684 shows the variety of shapes composing the garden plots. News regarding the use of octagonal, hexagonal, and round plots appeared already in a poem by ‘Abdi Bayk Navidi about the Sa‘adat Garden created by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3275" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah Tahmasp</a> in Qazvin. The Guldasta building survived until the nineteenth century when, according to Jabiri Ansari, it belonged to Amin-ul Tujjar and was built over with houses.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Travel Account,&nbsp;1684, Travel Account,&nbsp;1890</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mavash Alemi</a> Resources:Tārīkh-i ʻālam-i ārā-yi ʻAbbāsī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/CV6SG2N6" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Tarikh-i Isfahan va Ray va hamah-i jahan&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/9B6YYJ4U" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Il giardino persiano: tipi e modelli&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/XNEA6MAK" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Safavid Royal Gardens and Their Urban Relationships&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/R7V8HF29" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Bagh-i Guldasta.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Bagh-i Guldasta (MEGT)

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IAA706115

<blockquote>Mazandaran gained importance during the reign of the Safavid <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas</a>, who had a predilection for hunting and wintering (qishlāq) in this region, where he created gardens in Miyan Kala, Astarabad, Farahabad, Ashraf, Sari, Amol, Baghat, and Barforush. These varied from porches and pavilions, located in natural sites, to garden complexes placed near existing urban centers or new settlements that were populated with people who had been deported from Georgia. Among the works in Mazandaran, Iskandar Munshi notes that the shah created the paradisiacal Farahabad, through which the river Tijna passes, with a fine bridge and a promenade (khiyābān) paved in stone leading to Sari. In 1021 AH/1612, Shah ‘Abbas created on the bank of Tijna lofty and splendid mansions, and every year he improved and augmented its gardens and buildings and built marketplaces, baths, mosques, and caravanserais. Munshi recounts that people desired to reside there and thousands of Muslims and non-Muslims seeking justice under his reign came to Farahabad, which became a magnificent city.</blockquote><blockquote>In 1618, Pietro della Valle says that Shah ‘Abbas had begun a few years before to build the city of Farahabad, which was two miles from the sea. It had a straight and long street, larger than Strada Giulia in Rome, and flanked with houses. These were only one floor and were covered with roofs made of reed. Only the royal house, the caravanserai, and baths were made of bricks. The palace, which he could only see from the outside, lay on the west bank of the river Tijna. In 1845, when William Richard Holmes traveled there and sketched one of the buildings, the palace was already in ruin.</blockquote><blockquote>In 1864, Haentzsche describes the royal garden as composed of two enclosures. A private (andarūn) square garden of 120 by 120 paces was enclosed by walls and contained the service buildings and the Jahan Nama on its eastern wall, while a second enclosure was for audiences (divān khānah). A view of the Jahan Nama palace overlooking the river is depicted by Jules Laurens in 1850. The royal complex faced, as was custom, a maydān, in which stood a gate building flanked by two apartments, used by the king as a lookout. According to Hommaire de Hell, the&nbsp;maydān measured 274 by 132 paces and was surrounded by arcades of the bazaar, one shop of which he surveyed. According to Ouseley, the public buildings in the&nbsp;maydān comprised a caravanserai, a religious school (madrasah) a hospital (dār al-shifā’) and a mosque. The mosque is partially ruined but is still extant. A few piers of the bridge still remained in 1994 when the author photographed them and produced a restored plan of the site. The garden is partially extant today.</blockquote><blockquote>Sources: Travel Account,&nbsp;1860 | Travel Account,&nbsp;1819-23</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:Tārīkh-i ʻālam-i ārā-yi ʻAbbāsī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/CV6SG2N6" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>MSS Ottoboni Latino 3382, 3383, and 3384&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/IWT2JBCY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Voyage en Turquie et en Perse exécuté par ordre du gouvernement français, pendant les années 1846, 1847 et 1848&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/8VHSQ9BV" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>I giardini reali di Ashraf e Farahâbâd&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/NXA7AFUZ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Travels in various countries of the East; more particularly Persia&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/U9IVVFAY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Paläste Schah Abbas I. von Persien in Masanderan&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/Q7R4WI7X" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Bagh-i Shah-i Farahabad.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Bagh-i Shah-i Farahabad (MEGT)

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IAA706109

<blockquote>Mazandaran gained importance during the reign of the Safavid <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2598" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Shah ‘Abbas</a>, who had a predilection for hunting and wintering (qishlāq) in this region, where he created various gardens in Miyan Kala, Astarabad, Farahabad, Ashraf, Sari, Amol, Baghat, and Barforush. These varied from porches and pavilions, located in natural sites, to garden complexes placed close to existing urban centers or to new settlements populated by people who had been deported from Georgia. The royal complexes were composed of a continuous fabric of gardens (bāghistān), accessed through a maydān, where certain public facilities such as cisterns, schools, mosques, and bazaars were provided. Iskandar Munshi mentions, among the works of Shah ‘Abbas in Mazandaran, the fine buildings and gardens in Sari: “imārāt va bāghāt-e marghūb dar sārī” (Tārīkh-i ‘Ālam-i Ārā-yi ‘Abbāsī, 1111).</blockquote><blockquote>A 1904 plan attached to the report of works to be undertaken in the Dawlatkhanah of Sari shows what had remained by that time of these gardens and buildings. These were composed of two great domains situated around the Sabz-i Maydan. To the south of the maydān was a great rectangular garden measuring 700 by 150 meters, in which stood four buildings. To the north and west of the maydān was the dawlatkhānah, or governmental house, of Sari that was in part established during the Safavid period. Rabino, who traveled to Mazandaran in 1908–1909, relates that the governor's palace at Sari was built by Aqa Muhammad Khan Qajar on the site of a former palace of Shah ‘Abbas.</blockquote><blockquote>To the north of Sari was the old bāgh-i shāh laid out by Shah ‘Abbas. The garden north of the maydān was for audiences (divān khānah), to which one had access through its magnificent gate, known as naqara khānah, in front of which were two perpendicular basins forming a T. The walls were covered with paintings and muqarnas. Jules Laurens drew a view that shows the architectural features of the divān khānah with its tālār and the T-shaped basin. European travelers of the nineteenth century speak of state apartments decorated with paintings showing the victories of Shah Ismail (1500–1524) and Nadir Shah (1736–1747), and as the century drew toward its close these accounts reflect the neglect and gradual decay of the structure. Repairs to the government buildings were ordered by Nasiriddin Shah Qajar in 1296 AH/1879.</blockquote><blockquote>Source: Architectural Plans/Sketches,&nbsp;1904</blockquote> -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/517" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mahvash Alemi</a> Resources:The Safavid Royal Gardens in Sari&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/WXTCIPB9" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Tārīkh-i ʻālam-i ārā-yi ʻAbbāsī&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/CV6SG2N6" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Sketches on the shores of the Caspian, descriptive and pictorial&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/K8UKI676" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a>Voyage en Turquie et en Perse exécuté par ordre du gouvernement français, pendant les années 1846, 1847 et 1848&nbsp;<a href="https://www.zotero.org/groups/4419435/items/8VHSQ9BV" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">(Open in Zotero)</a> Originally published at: Alemi, Mahvash. “Dawlatkhanah of Sari.” Middle East Garden Traditions. Dumbarton Oaks, November 18, 2014. https://www.doaks.org/resources/middle-east-garden-traditions/catalogue#b_start=0&amp;c6=Safavid+Gardens. Archived at:https://perma.cc/H4VG-8VF7

Dawlatkhanah of Sari (MEGT)

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IAA706108

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

'Abbas I, Safavid Shah
1571-1629/979-1309 AH (r. 1587-1629/995-1039 AH)

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'Abbas I, Safavid Shah

Associated Sites

Documents

Additional Names