Türkiye

Original

This collection groups together past faculty, both visiting and permanent, who have taught in the&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2703" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a>&nbsp;at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Harvard University.&nbsp;

Past Faculty: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture

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Dogan Kuban

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ITH1590

The mosque was built by Yürgüç Pasa, son of Atabey Abdullah, in 1428. Abdullah was a teacher (atabey) of Mehmed I (1403-1421) and a vizier under his successor Murad II (1421-1451) and served as the ruler of Amasya in 1424. Plots of agricultural land (mezra) and a number of baths, vegetable gardens, hans and stores located in the region were placed on its endowment to provide for the operation and maintenance costs of the mosque. The mosque is located on the southern back of Yesilirmak, downhill from Seljuk monuments of Gökmedrese and the Tomb of Torumtay. Its entrance is set in a deep iwan with an arched entrance, which is flanked by a convent room to the east and an arched bay to the west that holds the tomb of Yürgüç Pasa. The tomb is raised on a platform enclosed by marble walls within the arched bay. All three spaces are covered with domes; the dome of the entry iwan is raised on an octagonal drum carried on fan vaults. The arched doorways of the mosque and the convent room are crowned by carved arabesque panels set inside the tall pointed arches that frame both portals. The panel above the mosque entrance has an inscriptive plaque that gives the name of the donor and the date of construction. The marble-faced entry iwan is further embellished with the use of decorative niches, red and white stone voussoirs with unique shapes and keystone ornaments. A short wooden minaret sits between the domes of the entry iwan and the convent room. Inside, the mosque consists of a central hall with rooms to the east and west, an a iwan containing the mihrab niche that projects outward to the south. A grand arch separates the central hall from the raised southern iwan, and the side rooms are accessed through arched doorways. Each doorway is flanked by a large shallow niche carved into the wall; a staircase set inside the eastern niche gives access to the wooden muezzin's platform along the north wall, with the women's prayer section below. The minaret steps begin inside the entryway, on the left. The hall, the rooms and the iwan are covered with domes; the dome of the central hall is raised on a sixteen-sided drum with a window above each pendentive and blind windows in between. The muqarnas mihrab is set in a large and simple marble frame and the minber is carved of wood. There is no trace of the original decoration in the plastered interior. The mosque is constructed of cut stone, with white and red marble used on arches. The soup-kitchen, built across from the mosque, and the four-room madrasa, built to its side, have not survived. Sources: Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakki. Osmanli mi?mârisinde Çelebi ve II. Sultan Murad devri, 806-855 (1403-1451): II, 215-224. Istanbul: Baha Matbaasi, 1972. Gabriel, Albert. Monuments Turcs d'Anatolie, 25-31. Paris: Editions de Boccard, 1931-1934. Goodwin, Godfrey. A history of Ottoman architecture, 77-78. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1997. Kuran, Aptullah. The mosque in early Ottoman architecture, 88. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968. Ötüken, S. Yildiz. Türkiyede Vakif Abideler ve Eski Eserler, 216-219. Ankara: Vakiflar Genel Müdürlügü Yayinlari, 1972.

Yörgüç Pasa Camii

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ITH1592

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ITH1594

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ITH1792

The Cacabey Madrasa was commissioned by the governor Nureddin Cibril bin Caca Bey in 1272, under the reign of Seljuk Sultan Giyaseddin Keyhusrev III (Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III). Its architect is unknown. Built as a madrasa and used as an observatory, the building, which has undergone several renovations, now serves as a mosque. The plan of the madrasa is a slightly distorted square, with two stories along its north side. Partially buried in the past, it remains slightly below the level of the street. The eleven-meter-tall portal on the north elevation leads through the entrance iwan, which is roofed by a barrel vault, to the central space. This space measures approximately eight meters per side and is topped by a dome with an oculus at its center. This dome is carried by four columns, two of which are embedded in the walls on the north side. The main iwan to the south of the central space was used as the small mosque of the madrasa, and a smaller iwan to the east of the central space leads, with seven steps, into the tomb on the northeastern corner of the madrasa. This tomb, a rectangular space measuring approximately six meters on one side, is surmounted by a conical crown. West of the central space is an iwan-like space that functions as an entryway to the rooms on its three sides. A secondary space to the south of this "iwan" leads to a rectangular room at the southwestern corner of the madrasa. While the southern corner has a similar spatial configuration, the sizes of the spaces vary, due to the axial shifts in plan. There are two more rooms on the entrance floor, one of which is located on the east side of the entrance iwan, and the other on the northwestern corner of the madrasa. While the three cells and two rooms on the west have windows, the ones on the east are totally closed. The entrance iwan, which is shifted from the central axis, has an opening on its west side that leads to the upper floor. There is a narrow corridor here that leads into two rooms in the upper floor; these are the only two upper-story rooms, which run behind the north elevation. The main configuration of the madrasa, as seen in its elevations, differs slightly from its contemporaries; the minaret, with its single balcony, is detached from the southwest corner of the madrasa, and the north elevation articulates the presence of the tomb and two small towers on the corner. Another tower is also found in the middle of the west elevation. The portal to the madrasa is made of two layers of stone, light brown and yellow in color. Two decorated columns, raised on special bases, are located at the corners of the projecting portal. The madrasa's main inscription is found in the upper part of the portal niche, below the stalactites. The madrasa is made of unornamented, cut stone, with the exception of the minaret, which is a brick structure on a stone base. Within, the mihrab is framed with stone and ornamented with five rows of stalactite carving above. The tomb area features mosaic tiles in black, white and in turquoise. Turquoise mosaics were also used in the minaret. The north elevation window into the tomb is adorned with stalactite carvings, and the lintel above it features an inscription that is a continuation of the one in the madrasa. Sources: Bayrak, M. Orhan. Türkiye Tarihi Yerler Kilavuzu, 430. Istanbul: Inkilap Kitabevi, 1994. Kuran, Aptullah. "Anadolu Medreseleri." Ankara. Middle East Technical University. Faculty Of Architecture Publication 9 (1969). Sözen, Metin. Anadolu medreseleri; Selçuklu ve beylikler devri., 15-20. Istanbul: Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Mimarlik Tarihi ve Rölöve Kürsüsü, 1970.

Cacabey Madresesi

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IMG09013

Thought to have been commissioned in 1761 by Serif Ali Aga, the Çakir Aga Mansion was used continuously as a residence until the mid twentieth century. Its restoration was initiated by the Turkish Ministry of Culture in 1977 and continued in 1993 by General Directorate of Monuments and Museums until the mansion was re-opened as a museum in 1995. Interior arrangements and the planning of exhibitions were carried out by the Izmir Archeology Museum and Odemis Museum. The plan of the mansion is roughly rectangular, with the long side aligned with the street to the southwest. There is a garden courtyard to the northeast. It has three stories covered by a hipped wooden roof that has eaves projecting out as much as two meters. There are two doors on the street façade; the larger one to the right is the main entrance. Inside, a small room for guards and attendants is placed between the two doors to control access. The entry floor is paved with stone and opens out to the garden, like a portico. Four enclosed rooms placed at the corners were either used for storage or used by the servants and guards. The four columns of the portico carry the porch-like hallways of the two floors above, which give access to the rooms. Although the service buildings, such as the kitchen, have not survived; they were probably in the garden, accessed from the entry floor of the houses, or separately from the street. A steep staircase leads up to the second floor, which has one iwan above the main entrance and five rooms; three facing the street and two projecting into the courtyard, at either end of the hallway. There is a small balcony at the center of the hallway, which is repeated on the upper floor. The six windows facing the street are pierced into the stone wall continued from the lower story and guarded with grills. The windows of the northern garden rooms are topped by square upper windows for additional light. Niches carved into the thick walls were used as shelves and cupboards. This floor was used mainly in winter and primarily by the women and children. There are four rooms on the top floor, which has high ceilings. The two rooms facing the street are separated by a big iwan and have small anterooms. As on the second floor, iwans placed at either end of the hallway separate the street-facing rooms from the garden rooms. The main iwan, which is separated by a triple archway from the hall stands directly across from the balcony here, which have a roof resting on slender wooden columns. The two rooms and iwans facing the street project onto the street carried on wooden brackets attached to the stone wall of the lower two floors. Their three windows are topped by arched upper windows. All rooms except for the southern room, facing the street, which was the summer reception room, have fireplaces. Both floors have a single toilet adjoining the eastern garden room. On all floors the rooms have windows facing the open hallway as well as the street or the garden. The northwest façade, however, is left blind. Unlike other houses of its size, the Çakir Aga Mansion has no visible separation of the family quarters (haremlik) from the men's quarter (selamlik). The mansion has a composite structure. The walls of the two lower floors are made of stone and adobe masonry, while the top floor has a wooden skeletal system with rubble infill. The timber joints and infill are plastered except at the corners. The street wall is also covered with plaster and painted to give the appearance of the ashlar masonry. Çakir Aga Mansion has many paintings decorating its walls that depict a wide variety of subjects, including buildings in landscape, still life compositions, flowers, and fake curtain and columns. Other panels include imagined panoramic views of Ottoman cities like Izmir and Istanbul. Its wooden ceilings have some smaller paintings of the moon and stars, fruits and flowers framed with fine moldings. While most of the paintings on the interior walls were preserved, the paintings on the outer surfaces, which were influenced by European models, have deteriorated over time and were removed at later restorations. The mansion also exhibits quality on the moldings of the bay windows, window shutters, railings and balustrades. Largely preserved to its original state, Çakir Aga Mansion is a quintessential example of historical wooden mansions of western Anatolia. Sources: Rölöve II Birgi: Çakir Aga Konagi. Istanbul: Y. Mimarlik Bölümü Rölöve ve Restorasyon Kürsüsü Yayini, 1977. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism Website. "Birgi Çakiraga Konagi." Accessed February 15, 2007; inaccessible October 3, 2013. <a href="http://www.discoverturkey.com/bakanlik/b-a-cakiraga.html"target="_blank">http://www.discoverturkey.com/bakanlik/b-a-cakiraga.html</a> Ünal, Rahmi Hüseyin. Birgi: Tarihi, Tarihi Cografyasi ve Türk Dönemi Anitlari, 141-152, 296-307. Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanligi Yayinlari, 2001.

Çakir Aga Konagi

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IMG09014

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IMG09049

<div style="text-align: justify;">Great Mosque of Erzurum was commissioned by Saltukid ruler Nasr al-Din Muhammad and built by Abu al-Fath Muhammad in 1179/575 AH. According to inscriptions found at the mosque, five restoration projects were undertaken in different periods; first by the governor Hüseyin Paşa in 1639, second by Mosque caretaker Ali Efendi in 1826, third by Mahmut II (1785-1839), fourth by governor Ibrahim Ethem Paşa in 1860 and the last by the General Directorate of Religious Endowments (Vakiflar Genel Müdürlügü) between 1957-1964. The repairs have resulted in the partial modification of the old dome and vaulting system. Some portions of the mosque were demolished and rebuilt over the years in a variety of architectural styles. A portion of the central aisle and large sections of the qibla wall are remaining from the original Saltukid mosque.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The mosque has a rectangular plan about forty-one by fifty-four meters in area. The main entrance is on the north side and is covered with a muqarnas hood. The mosque has four other entrances, two on either sides of the main portal, that were re-built along with sections of the northern wall in the nineteenth century, and two others on the east façade. While the northern entrances are arranged symmetrically, the two doors on the east lead into the first and third row of bays respectively. Twenty-six windows along the walls illuminate the bright interior.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">The prayer hall is seven aisles wide and six bays deep. The central aisle, running from the main portal on the north side to the mihrab on the south, is wider than the three aisles on each side. A total of twenty-eight freestanding piers carry the roof structure, capped by a hipped roof on the exterior.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">A large bay covered by a shallow wooden dome occupies the area in front of the central mihrab, one of three mihrabs on the qibla wall. This dome is carried on heavy arches and pendentives in contrast with the lighter substructure of the original dome. The two bays preceding the qibla dome are crowned by narrow barrel vault and a wide domical muqarnas vault with a hexagonal skylight. The remaining bays either have domes or barrel vaults. Most of these vaults collapsed in 1964 and re-built in the following years.&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">The minaret, which rises on a stone base at the northwest corner of the mosque, is entered from the interior, from stairs along the north wall of the mosque. The shaft with the spiral stairs begins just above the top of the mosque walls.&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">The mosque is made of cut stone, with timber used in the construction of the domes. The minaret shaft is made of bricks. The interior is decorated with geometric motifs that are common to mosques of the twelfth century. The wide rectangular frame of the simple stalactite mihrab niche is carved in high relief with a braided pattern composed of intersecting octagons. Individual stones carved in this manner were used in repairing the inner arch of the main portal. Carved molding was found in various parts of the mosque, but has mostly disappeared over time.&nbsp;</div> Sources: Aslanapa, Oktay. Turkish art and architecture, 102-103. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971. Bayrak, M. Orhan. Türkiye Tarihi Yerler Kilavuzu, 220-230. Istanbul: Inkilap Kitabevi, 1994.&nbsp;<div> Sinclair, T. A. Eastern Turkey: an architectural and archaeological survey, 202-203. London: Pindar Press, 1989.</div>

Erzurum Ulu Camii

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IMG09095

Constructed in 1366-67 (768 A.H.), the Great Mosque of Manisa stands on the northern skirts of the Sipil Mountain, overlooking the city of Manisa. The complex was commissioned by Ishak Çelebi (1357-1388) of the Turkish Saruhan Emirate (Saruhanogullari), who ruled in Western Anatolia from 1313 to 1410 prior to Ottoman annexation. The architect is not known but Emet Bin Osman is thought to be the one who designed the complex. The mosque is open to prayer. The complex consists of a mosque, madrasa, mausoleum (türbe) and fountains. The baths are located eighty meters to the northeast of the mosque. Another building associated with the complex is the Mevlevi takiyya (mevlevihane), which is situated further to the east of the mosque. Occupying the eastern part of the main cluster, the mosque is composed of approximately two equal sized spaces; the prayer hall and the arcaded fountain courtyard preceding it to the north. Measuring approximately thirty-three by thirty-six and a half meters, both spaces are composed of twenty-eight tall bays, seven bays wide and four bays deep. In both, nine bays have been left free of vertical supports. In the courtyard the nine-bay area is left open, while that of the prayer hall is surmounted by a dome, about eleven meters in diameter, which sits on squinches carrying an octagonal base. All other bays are defined by single or double columns and are surmounted by domical vaults carried on pointed arches. The main dome is supported by six heavy piers. The fountain courtyard is entered from the two portals on the north and the east façades. The northern portal is on axis with the octagonal fountain, the prayer hall entrance and the mihrab. Its arched stone frame projects slightly outward from the portal niche, which has an elaborate muqarnas ceiling. The low arched door is reached with six steps. There is a clock tower with four columns, constructed in the early seventeenth century, on the west corner of this portal. The portal facing east, which is also constructed within a rectangular niche on the façade, sits on a sloped side alley. An opening opposite the courtyard from this portal leads into the madrasa courtyard. The mosque courtyard has five rectangular windows to the north and three lower windows facing east. The prayer hall is entered from the fountain courtyard through three rectangular doors, one on the axis with the courtyard portal and mihrab and other two symmetrically positioned on either side of it separated by a window. Inside, the mihrab, a semi-circular niche with two embedded columns on the sides, sits below the main dome. The dimly lit prayer hall has two rectangular windows to the east, one to the west, and four to the north, in addition to a few upper windows with pointed arches. The qibla wall, facing the mountain, has no windows. The smaller madrasa is attached to the western wall of the mosque. The portal leading from the mosque to the madrasa courtyard is flanked by a fountain on each side. Also entered form the street to the north, the madrasa is composed of eleven vaulted cells of various sizes enveloping a paved courtyard. The mausoleum (türbe) occupies a large domed cell to the east of the madrasa courtyard, accessed primarily from the passageway connecting the mosque and the madrasa. The classroom with mihrab niche is on the south side, across the street entrance. Two sets of stairs lead to the upper story rooms. The minaret with its single balcony stands on a square base attached to the northwest corner of the madrasa. The onion dome of the minaret was destroyed in a storm in the late twentieth century. The walls of complex structures were built of rough stone with cut stone used to emphasize corners and portals. Brick is used in the arches, vaults and domes and on the minaret shaft. Some column capitals and some stones used in the wall construction were borrowed from Byzantine or Roman ruins. Period stone decoration can be seen on the column capitals and on the ribbed arch between two dome piers in the prayer hall. Glazed brick in tiles with floral patterns in blue, yellow, green and violet embellish the base and sawtooth cornice of the minaret. The wooden minbar is intricately carved with arabesques, interlaced geometric patterns and inscriptions highlighted in gold. Although the interior is mostly plastered in white, simple painted arabesques of different periods adorn the interior of domes and some vaults. The Great Mosque of Manisa is seen as the first step towards the development of the complex spatial composition of the classical Ottoman mosques, distinct with its fountain courtyard. Sources: Acun, Hakki, and Dil Kültür. Manisa'da Türk devri yapilari, 32-66. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999. Akurgal, Ekrem, and Léo Hilber. The Art and architecture of Turkey, 118-119. New York: Rizzoli, 1980. Bayrak, M. Orhan. Türkiye Tarihi Yerler Kilavuzu, 475. Istanbul: Inkilap Kitabevi, 1994. Kuran, Aptullah. The mosque in early Ottoman architecture, 176. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968. Meinecke, Michael. Die Mamlukische Architektur in Ägypten und Syrien (648/1250 bis 923/1517), 138. Glückstadt: Verlag J. J. Augustin, 1992.

Manisa Ulu Camii

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IMG09096

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IMG09097

Built after 1460, the double bath of Tahtakale was partly destroyed during the great earthquake of 1894 and further endamaged by the fire of 1911. Sold to a private firm, it was used as a storehouse for cheese. During this conversion process walls were destroyed, windows and doorways were filled, a thick revetment for insulation was added. Lack of upkeep for decades increased the dilapidation of the remaining structure. In 1989, the building was no longer economically viable and clearing of the building was extremely expensive, The only financially possible use is its conversion to a commercial building. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Tahtakale Baths Conversion

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IAA12775

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