Documents in the Mohamed Makiya Archive related to the&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/sites/27" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Khulafa Mosque</a>&nbsp;designed by Makiya Associates around the older Suq al-Ghazl Minaret in Baghdad.

Makiya Associates 

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Makiya Archive. Khulafa Mosque. Riwaqs.

Iraq

The Khulafa Central Mosque was architect <a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/13" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mohamed Makiya</a>’s first major public works project.&nbsp;In 1960, the Iraqi Ministry of Awqaf (Religious Endowments) commissioned him to build a mosque on the same site that the Abbasid caliph Muqtafi had built one in the early 10th century, and to incorporate into it the only structure still standing on the site, the 13th-century&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/3842" target="_blank">Suq Al Ghazl Minaret</a>.&nbsp; An even more significant challenge came from the site's dimensions and location in an urban section of Baghdad, amid tall commercial buildings.&nbsp;According to his son, Kanan, Mohamed Makiya fought with the Ministry of Awqaf for two years, in an unsuccessful effort to enlarge the parcel so he could build a structure proportional to the minaret's importance. For Dr. Makiya, building a new mosque that incorporated such a significant historical monument into such a modern environment challenged him to "express traditional character in a new architectural ambience.”1 Ultimately, he says, “I had to build a cathedral in an area suitable for a chapel.”2&nbsp;The project was completed in 1964.&nbsp; Kanan Makiya describes the mosque as a collection of discreet elements, with the refurbished minaret as its focal point.&nbsp;The other elements, a domed prayer hall and three riwaqs (porticos), are “placed and sized with reference to it."3 <ul><li>The <a href="http://archnet.org/sites/3842" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">minaret</a> is set in a small sunken court in the southeast corner of the sahn (courtyard).&nbsp;The minaret had just been refurbished in 1960 when Mohamed Makiya was charged with building a mosque to incorporate it.&nbsp;The minaret is constructed of brick and mortar and rises from a twelve-sided foundation.&nbsp;Both the base and balcony feature layers of muqarnas.&nbsp;The brickwork on the shaft forms a complex geometric pattern, and it is decorated with Kufic calligraphy.&nbsp;Makiya sought continuity between these decorative elements and his design for the new mosque.&nbsp;</li></ul> <ul><li>The prayer hall is octagonal, and 14 meters high with a dome rising an additional 7 meters.&nbsp;Columns and a cantilevered ring beam support the dome.&nbsp;At its base is an arched gallery and a black-and-white ceramic frieze band.&nbsp;The frieze features highly geometric, interlaced, Kufic calligraphy, intended to harmonize with the more traditional styles of Kufic calligraphy on the minaret.&nbsp;The exterior of the dome is covered in geometric yellow brickwork that matches the minaret's brickwork.&nbsp;The exterior walls of the prayer hall are also covered in varying shades of yellow bricks, arranged in geometric patterns.&nbsp;The interior walls are decorated with precast concrete, arranged in two bands: geometric patterns above pointed arches.</li></ul> <ul><li>The riwaqs and walls - According to a proposal submitted for the expansion of the Khulafa Mosque in 1981, the riwaqs and boundary walls, each approximately 12 meters in height, are designed to protect the minaret “from the overpowering domination of the numerous surrounding tall buildings, which sadly conflict in scale and massing with the minaret."4&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>The largest riwaq runs along the northwest edge and provides an entrance to the mosque from Khulafa Street, a major divided artery running alongside the southwest façade.&nbsp;Bent steel rails that form Islamic calligraphy and organic patterns decorate the arches.&nbsp;The riwaq terminates in the courtyard, but the northern boundary wall continues to the north corner of the mosque.&nbsp;&nbsp; A second riwaq enters the courtyard from a small road that delineates the southern boundary of the mosque, but does not run parallel to the perimeter.&nbsp;Instead, the entrance of the riwaq intersects the perimeter at a right angle and extends into the courtyard, ending in front of the prayer hall. Glazed arches line the passageway connecting the riwaq to the prayer hall. &nbsp;A false riwaq composed of two stacked arcades runs along the northeast perimeter to the prayer hall.&nbsp;The bottom layer is essentially a dense wall separating the courtyard from the street.&nbsp;It is decorated with embedded arches made from yellow carved brick.&nbsp;&nbsp;It supports a ledge, decorated with a frieze of yellow brick that forms Kufic calligraphy.&nbsp;Narrow columns on the ledge support a concrete canopy of pointed arches.&nbsp;The rear wall of the upper arcade is open to the sky, creating a sense of scale beyond the actual dimensions of the wall. Some construction materials were salvaged from the site.&nbsp;The principal building materials are locally produced clay bricks, stone, and wood, with steel and concrete also used in the ceilings and the dome.&nbsp;The floors are stone.&nbsp; Even after construction was completed, Mohamed Makiya continued to want to develop the site.&nbsp;In 1981 Makiya Associates, in association with consulting architects and engineers Archicentre, presented the Mayor of Baghdad with proposals arguing for the building of a new mosque built on a “more grand and suitable scale reflecting and regenerating the historical importance of the site."5 The proposal also argues for significant expansion of the site to include living quarters, a larger prayer hall, a library, dining facilities, and a larger courtyard.&nbsp;The new plan proposed a new, much larger mosque and presented several options for the use of the existing structure.&nbsp;These included conversion into a library, or a proposal that the existing mosque serve as a weekday mosque when fewer people would be praying, and the larger mosque to be used on Fridays and holy days.&nbsp;No action was ever taken on the proposal.6 --<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2691" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Michael A. Toler</a>, AKDC@MIT, June 2014 Notes:1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Aga Khan Award for Architecture Nomination Form, Project Summary. 1980,2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kanan Makiya, Post-Islamic Classicism, 43.3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kanan Makiya, Post-Islamic Classicism, 45.4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Khulafa Mosque and Environs Proposals, 2.25.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Khulafa Mosque and Environs Proposals, 2.36.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Khulafa Mosque and Environs Proposals, 2.3 Sources:&nbsp;Khalil, Jabir and Strika, Vincenzo. The Islamic Architecture of Baghdad; the Results of a Joint Italian -Iraqi Survey. Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1987. Khulafa Central Mosque.&nbsp;Aga Khan Award for Architecture Nomination Form.&nbsp;Geneva, Switzerland: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, September 15, 1979. Kultermann, Udo.&nbsp;Contemporary Architecture in the Arab States: Renaissance of a Region.&nbsp;New York:&nbsp;McGraw-Hill, 1999. Makiya Associates and Archicentre.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/8799" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Khulafa Mosque and Environs Development Proposals</a>. Baghdad, 1981. Makiya, Kanan. Post-Islamic Classicism: a Visual Essay on the Architecture of Mohamed Makiya.&nbsp;London: Saqi Books, 1990. Makiya, Kanan.&nbsp;The Monument: Art, Vulgarity, and Responsibility in Iraq. London:&nbsp;Andre Deutsch, 1991. Manarat Suq al-Ghazl. ArchNet. Accessed March 22, 2015. <a href="http://archnet.org/sites/3842" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://archnet.org/sites/3842</a>. Michell, George. ed. Architecture of the Islamic World; Its History and Social Meaning. London: Thanes &amp; Hudson, 1978.

Jami' al-Khulafa

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This image was scanned from one of a set of black and white negatives received with the Mohamed Makiya Archive, which appear to have been copied from other negatives.

CAD drawing

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Makiya Archive. Khulafa Mosque.

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digital graphic

IAA708594

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architectural drawing

Khulafa Mosque

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Makiya. Khulafa Mosque. Construction.

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black-and-white slide

Makiya. Khulafa Mosque. Drawing of Minaret.

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Makiya. Khulafa Mosque. Arcade.

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Makiya. Khulafa. Inscription.

Khulafa Mosque (Makiya Archive)

In 2011, the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT Libraries (AKDC@MIT) was formally re-envisioned and restructured. In addition to the services and support that had been offered by the Center since its founding in 1979, AKDC@MIT has now become a repository for select personal archives of architects working in the Middle East.&nbsp;The first architect archive acquired by AKDC@MIT arrived in the summer of 2012 as a gift from the distinguished Iraqi architect and urban planner, Mohamed Saleh Makiya. Dr. Makiya’s generous gift to AKDC@MIT documents his prodigious career, spanning five decades and over one dozen countries. The vast archive contains materials ranging from personal correspondences, project notes, and hand drawn design sketches to formal proposals, final drawings, and photographs for projects built and unbuilt, extant and not.&nbsp;Selections from the Mohamed Makiya Archive are included here, with more to come. The entire archive is available to students, faculty, researchers, and scholars at the Aga Khan Documentation Center. A&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/publications/12756" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">collection-level summary finding aid</a>&nbsp;is available. For more&nbsp;information or to schedule a visit, please contact the <a href="mailto:akdc_archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp; <a href="mailto:scsmith@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sharon C. Smith, Ph.D</a>Program HeadAKDC@MIT

Mohamed Makiya Archive

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IAA706273

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IAA7110

Archnet is a community-powered resource that provides ready access to visual and textual material to facilitate teaching, scholarship, and professional work of high quality.&nbsp;This unparalleled resource continues to grow with both the addition of historic archives and documentation on contemporary trends shaping the built environment today.&nbsp;To better serve you, our user, in the study of art and architecture of Muslim societies, we continue to build our vast collection of sites, publications, images, and videos. To ensure a high level of scholarly content and accuracy in the information provided, we appreciate your expert feedback and, more importantly, your contributions..&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Please send comments, corrections, commendations, and other feedback to <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>If you find sites on Archnet to which you can contribute in compelling and meaningful ways, your generosity is most welcome. If you would be interested in contributing research, publications or other media to Archnet, please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite contributions of relevant, previously published, Open Access or copyrighted material for which you are able to grant Archnet a non-exclusive license. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite the contribution of syllabi, lesson plans, recorded lectures, or other material for our pedagogy project. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We welcome the donation of select archives based on our current editorial policies and priorities.&nbsp;If you have a collection you would like to bring to the attention of Archnet's editors, please send an email to: <a href="http://mailto: archnet-submission@mit.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.</li><li>Occasionally, Archnet editors issue calls for contributions on specific themes or of particular types of material. Follow those on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">website of AKDC@MIT </a>or <a href="https://mailchi.mp/17fc345bbd94/archnetakdc-updates" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">subscribe to our mailing list</a>.</li></ul> The breadth, depth, and quality of Archnet is oachieved through the generosity of numerous institutions and individuals listed on the respective pages throughout the site.&nbsp;We thank you for your generosity!

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Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

Khulafa Mosque (Makiya Archive)

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Khulafa Mosque (Makiya Archive)

Images & Videos

Sites

Documents

Parent Collections