Rami Alafandi

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Gwendolyn Collaço 

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 Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT

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In addition to the Egyptian windows donated by his sister, MIT possesses countless books gifted directly by Arthur Rotch that reflect his keen interest in Islamic architecture. Their bookplates help to reconstruct the original contours of his collection. These volumes illuminate the bibliophile’s fascination with certain creators, including the Frenchman Pascal Xavier Coste (d. 1879). Coste served as the personal architect to the Khedive of Egypt Muhammad Ali Pasha (r. 1805–1848). Between 1817 and 1825, Coste produced significant early drawings and prints of&nbsp; Cairo’s Islamic architecture, which inspired many subsequent artists. Conservators preserved this cover from the original binding of Architecture arabe, which provides precious insight into its publication process. The owner pasted archival documents, including a letter from the author to a Monsieur Hugot at the “Institute” (likely referring to the Institut d’Egypt, the learned society in Cairo devoted to Egyptian culture). In it, Coste asks Hugot for feedback on a draft of his frontispiece design to avoid complicated alterations with his printers. Below the letter appears the pen-and-ink drawing in question. Pascal Xavier Coste, Architecture arabe; ou, Monuments du Kaire, mesurés et dessinés, de 1818 à 1826. Paris: Typ. de Firmin Didot frères et compagnie, 1839.Rotch Library Limited Access Collection, Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries: <a href="https://mit.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma990006594450106761&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01MIT_INST:MIT&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=all&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=all&amp;query=any,contains,Architecture%20arabe;%20ou,%20Monuments%20du%20Kaire&amp;offset=0" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">10391413</a>

Inner paste down with letter from Pascal Xavier Coste and gift plate of Arthur Rotch 

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View of casinos along the canal near the Bab-el-Charyeh (Vue des Casins sur le Canal El-Khalyg, hors la Porte Bab-el-Charyeh), color plate XXIII&nbsp;This chromolithograph from Coste’s Architecture arabe captures public leisures along a canal at Bab al-Sha‛riyah, a quarter in eastern Cairo. There, men smoke opium and water pipes in the open-air terraces that line the banks, as others enjoy a ride in caiques. Above this bustling scene, the windows of elite homes project outwards, encased by delicate wooden screens known as mashrabiyyāt. Such screens not only facilitated air circulation, they also allowed unseen inhabitants, like women and children, to watch the activities below while remaining hidden from prying eyes. On the right, intricate stucco windows crown the mashrabiyyāt, which bear yellow split palmettes in blue, red, and green frames. Such examples suggest that stained- glass windows were often double-sided to conceal the maker’s side that revealed the production process on the back. Thus both interior and exterior viewers of these windows could appreciate their stunning patterns. Pascal Xavier Coste, Architecture arabe; ou, Monuments du Kaire, mesurés et dessinés, de 1818 à 1826. Paris: Typ. de Firmin Didot frères et compagnie, 1839.ChromolithographRotch Library Limited Access Collection, Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries: <a href="https://mit.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma990006594450106761&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01MIT_INST:MIT&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=all&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=all&amp;query=any,contains,Architecture%20arabe;%20ou,%20Monuments%20du%20Kaire&amp;offset=0" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">10391413</a>

View of casinos along the canal near the Bab-el-Charyeh

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American architect Arthur Rotch (1850–1894) became one of the first Americans to achieve honors at the celebrated École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. During the six years of his foreign studies, Rotch traveled widely to personally examine regional architectural ornament. While studying Islamic mosques in Egypt, he collaborated with Monsieur Arthur Rhoné, the well known French orientalist, on his work preserving historical Egyptian sites. Upon his return to the United States, Rotch began practicing architecture with George T. Tilden, as the firm of Rotch &amp; Tilden. Yet he still remembered the value of foreign study to young architects and the dreariness of a draughtsman's career. Thus, according to library records, in 1883 he and his siblings founded the Rotch Traveling Scholarship, the provisions of which annually send a student of architecture abroad to study and travel for two years. Aga Khan Documentation Center, Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries: <a href="https://mit.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9935506400206761&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01MIT_INST:MIT&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=all&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=all&amp;query=any,contains,Arthur%20Rhon%C3%A9,%20L%E2%80%99%C3%89gypte%20%C3%A0%20petites%20journ%C3%A9es.%20Paris:%20Ernest%20Leroux,%201877.&amp;offset=0" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">25451352</a>

Arthur Rhoné, L’Égypte à petites journées. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1877

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Islamic architecture and window ornament captured the minds of MIT students as they traveled abroad even in the earliest decades of the Institute. For example, Joseph A. Meyer, Jr. (1856–1894), a graduate of the Department of Architecture, embarked on a MIT-sponsored trip in 1890 across Greece, Egypt, Sri Lanka, India, Bahrain, Iran, and Iraq, among other countries. At the end of his tour in the summer of 1894, Meyer accepted an offer from the University of Pennsylvania to join their expedition to the ancient Sumerian city of Nippur (modern-day Iraq) as an architectural draftsman. While on the expedition, Meyer fell ill and died in Baghdad in December of 1894. Yet before his untimely end, Meyer made copious notes in his journals regarding the architectural sites he encountered in the Near East. In addition to impressive drawings of exteriors featuring stucco windows, Meyer describes the construction and settings of stained glass windows and wooden screens (mashrabiyyāt) across the region. Department of Distinctive Collections, MIT Libraries: <a href="https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/1331" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">VC-0003</a>

Joseph A. Meyer, Jr. Travel Journals 

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Arthur Rotch: Documenting Islamic Architecture in Egypt and Beyond

Hidden within MIT’s Distinctive Collections, many architectural elements from the earliest days of the Institute’s architecture program still survive as part of the Rotch Art Collection. Among the artworks that were salvaged by conservators was a set of striking windows of gypsum and stained glass, dating to the late 18th- to 19th c. Ottoman Empire. Similar stained-glass windows once graced the reception halls of elite homes, like al-ʿAzam Palace in Damascus and Bayt al-Razzaz in Cairo. Such halls have quickly disappeared due to the ravages of time, war, and recent earthquakes. Yet even prior to these events, many Ottoman-era windows came to Europe and the United States decontextualized as architectural elements or as part of full reception halls from historic houses in the Islamic world, which visitors still admire today at institutions like the Victoria &amp; Albert Museum in London and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. This exhibition illuminates the life of these historic windows, tracing their refracted histories from Egypt to MIT, their ongoing conservation, and the cutting-edge research they still prompt.&nbsp; Through facets of their narrative, these windows allow us to gaze into the history of architectural study at MIT and, by extension, the history of architecture as a modern university discipline in US and Europe. Their forms reflect key aspects of architectural design in the Middle East and diverse approaches to the craft of window-making, which inspired collectors and designers across the nineteenth to twentieth centuries. This legacy of Islamic design continues to spark the imaginations of architects and artists across the globe today. Curators from the Aga Khan Documentation Center (AKDC) uncovered the narratives explored&nbsp; in this exhibition through historical and archival research, in collaboration with the Wunsch Conservation Lab. Together, they commissioned a project conservator and documented the process of carefully cleaning and stabilizing these windows for exhibition and long-term preservation. They teamed up with MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Vitrocentre in Switzerland to run experiments that more precisely located the origins of the materials used in these windows. Their research led to the commission of works from contemporary artist Dima Srouji and artisan Mohamed El-Deeb inspired by the tradition of Islamic stained-glass windows.&nbsp;

Refracted Histories through Stained Glass:  19th c. Islamic Windows as a Prism into MIT’s Past, Present, and Future 

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

Arthur Rotch: Documenting Islamic Architecture in Egypt and Beyond

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Arthur Rotch: Documenting Islamic Architecture in Egypt and Beyond

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