architectural history

art history

black and white photography

historical architecture

history of architecture

Portraits and images of military actions and the areas inland of Tangier.&nbsp;82 images in this collection.&nbsp;

Paul Servant

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Morocco

Exterior view toward&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/2557" target="_blank">Tour Hassan</a>&nbsp;along the walls of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/8492" target="_blank">Qasba al-Udaya</a>

glass plate negative

City Scene Beyond Walls of the Mosque

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Men Posed by Airplane

An airfield has existed in Tangier since the early 20th century. The&nbsp;Aéroclub Royal de Tanger built a hangar that existed until 1971, and the commercial airport was opened by Air France in 1948.The current facility, formerly known as the&nbsp;Tangier Boukhalef Airport, the airport is named after the Moroccan traveler&nbsp;Ibn Battuta who was born in Tangier. Currently, the airport has aircraft parking space of 40,640 m2 , a 12,000 m2 passenger terminal, and a&nbsp; 529 m2 cargo terminal. It was renovated in 2008.&nbsp; Sources:&nbsp;Aéro Club Royal de Tanger, accessed November 8, 2020, http://www.aeroclubroyaldetanger.com/accueil.html.Archived at&nbsp;<a href="https://perma.cc/66AW-LEN7" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">https://perma.cc/66AW-LEN7</a> “Base Aérienne De Jemaa Sahim (Safi), Mars-Avril 1952 Aérodrome De Tanger, Projet De La Société Air-France, Février 1948,” FranceArchives, accessed November 8, 2020, https://francearchives.fr/fr/facomponent/c84276bc3871c3e5729dc417642a6b0ebf3c6f0d. Archived at&nbsp;<a href="https://perma.cc/PN4X-EPQE" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">https://perma.cc/PN4X-EPQE</a>.

Aeroport Ibn Battouta de Tanger

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Portrait of French Officer

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Officials on Horseback in Mountainside

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Officers Overlooking Bustling Jama' al-Fna Square

The Jama' al-Fna is a large open-air market at the southwestern edge of the medina of Marrakesh. Defined only by the streets and buildings that surround it, the market square has been used as a public gathering place since the eleventh century, when Marrakech became a lively international capital under the rule of the Almohad dynasty (1130-1269). Merchants from distant regions of the Almohad empire, then stretching across much of northern Africa and into Spain, assembled daily in the Jama' al-Fna to distribute their wares, but the traditional functions of the square have never been confined to trade and commerce alone: dining, political and religious assembly, and many forms of entertainment are essential in defining the character of the highly dynamic space. The square persisted as a key urban hub for centuries after the decline of the Almohads, and is still functioning today. The Jama' al-Fna is a triangular space bounded by Rue de la Koutoubia to the northeast, Rue Moulay Ismail to the west, and Rue Dabachi to the south. The side of the square along Rue de la Koutoubia is 136 meters long, the side along Rue Moulay Ismail is 146 meters long, and the side along Rue Dabachi is 166 meters long. The triangle bounded by the three major thoroughfares is roughly equilateral. The angle between Rue Dabachi and Rue de la Koutoubia is fifty-one degrees, the angle between the Rue de la Koutoubia and Rue Moulay Ismail is sixty-one degrees, and the angle between Rue Mouay Ismail and Rue Dabachi is sixty-eight degrees. In terms of orientation, the side of the square that borders Rue de la Koutoubia is rotated fifty-four degrees clockwise from the north-south meridian. The crossing of Rue Moulay Ismail and Rue Dabachi forms a second triangular space, roughly equal in size to the Jama' al-Fna, directly to the southwest of the square. This space is bounded by Rue El Mouahidine to the southwest and is landscaped as a public garden. Several significant buildings either border or are axially linked to the Jama' al-Fna. The Commissariat building is located opposite the west side of the square along Rue Moulay Ismail. Fifty meters northwest of the northern vertex of the triangular square, Rue de la Koutoubia turns approximately ninety degrees toward the southwest, then terminates after 360 meters at the foot of the Kutubiyya Mosque (1147-1162). Rue Moulay Ismail continues to the north of the square as Souk Laksour, the principal route that cuts through the dense souks of the medina. Souk Laksour ends 320 meters to the north of Jama' al-Fna at the Ali bin Yusuf Madrasa (1564-1565). The ground surface of the square is paved with concrete. A repeating geometric pattern of expansion joints within the slab suggests tile-work. Though there are no permanent structures within the square, temporary market stalls define the street edge while portable carts, tents, and umbrellas create a dynamic "roofscape" and provide shade in the center of the large open space. Depending on the time of day, the square may be as densely occupied as the souks that border it to the north. Several possible explanations are given for the origin of the name of the square. The word jama', or djemma, is an Arabic term meaning "gathering" or "assembly," sometimes carrying the more religious connotation "mosque." The word fna means "nothing" or "end." The interpretation of Jama' al-Fna as "the mosque that came to nothing" refers to an unbuilt mosque that was planned for the site by Sa'di Sharif Ahmad al-Mansur (reg. 1578-1603) but was never erected. Another rendering of the name's meaning is "the gathering at the end of the world," an understanding that derives from the chaotic atmosphere of the space. The Jama' al-Fna accommodates such a wide variety of activities and populations that it is occupied twenty-four hours a day, with a patterns of use that vary each hour yet repeat daily. The complete lack of physical programming of the space affords extreme flexibility of use over time, and the square's grand scale is especially effective as an urban gesture when contrasted with the high density of the adjacent souks in the medina. While the square is flooded during the day with international tourists on their way in and out of the neighboring souks, after dark the lingering crowds in the square are mostly composed of Marrakech locals, who come to hear the traditional storytellers and singers perform late into the night. The Jama' al-Fna was listed as an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 as a part of the "Medina of Marrakesh" site. Sources: Allen, James Sloan. 1996. "The Storytellers of Marrakech." The Sewanee Review 104 (4): 497-520. Andrews, C. E. 1922. Old Morocco and the forbidden Atlas. New York: George H. Doran Co., 32. Blair, Sheila S. and Jonathan M. Bloom. 1995. The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press, 123. Bosworth, Clifford Edumund. 1996. The New Islamic Dynasties. New York: Columbia University Press, 41-42. Grube, Ernst J., James Dickie, Oleg Grabar, Eleanor Sims, Ronald Lewcock, Dalu Jones, and Guy T. Petherbridge, ed. George Michell. 1978. Architecture of the Islamic World. Repr., London: Thames and Hudson, 1996, 218. Hillenbrand, Robert. 1999. Islamic Architecture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 271-272.

Jama' al-Fna

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A number of ships, sailboats, and rowboats on the water, probably from the Tangier Harbor toward Spain

Sailboats and Ships on the Water

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Plane Flies Over Farm

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Man Peering out of Plane in the Middle of a Field

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Plane Revving Up in Desert

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Portrait of Officer by the Coast

Box 6 - International Tangier

This collection currently contains approximately 2,000 images of the western Mediterranean, and particularly&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3987" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tangier</a>, Morocco, during the period in which the city truly was an International Zone.&nbsp;The images are&nbsp;believed to be the work of Spanish photographer and longtime resident of Tangier,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2852" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Paul Servant</a>.&nbsp;They document the city and multiple other locations in the region approximately between the last years of the 19th century and the 1930s. They are scanned from a large collection of medium-format, glass plate negatives in the collection of the Tangier American Institute for Moroccan Studies (<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/8271" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">TALIM</a>).&nbsp;The images of Morocco,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/collections/900" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">France</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/collections/805" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Spain</a>, <a href="#" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Algeria</a>, <a href="#" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Gibraltar</a>, and other places, provide important and rare visual documentation of these places between the First and Second World Wars, when nearly every aspect of society was in flux. Tangier is particularly well documented. Images capture the arrival of Europeans in the port, construction of the railway, some of the city's best-known buildings, and a wide variety of the city's inhabitants, Moroccan and European,&nbsp;civilian and military. With the help of multiple institutions,1&nbsp;most recently the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.wellesley.edu/mes#zSTCL0sb5iRCEj21.97" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Program in Middle Eastern Studies</a>&nbsp;and the Center for Work and Service of Wellesley College, the entire collection is now digitized and catalogued to the best degree possible.&nbsp;&nbsp; For reasons explained in the fuller history of the collection, many images are only partially identified, and some may even be misidentified. Do not hesitate to&nbsp;<a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/services-and-staff/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">contact us</a>&nbsp;if you are able to correct or provide further information on a photograph.&nbsp;&nbsp;Organization of the Collection:&nbsp;The complete collection is now online. The organization of the virtual collection reflects the organization of the physical glass negative collection as it is stored. Images are presented in sub-collections corresponding to the numbered boxes in which they are stored.&nbsp;The contents of each box are summarized on the description page for each collection.&nbsp; --Michael A. Toler, Archnet Content Manager (Updated October 8, 2016 ) 1&nbsp;For a fuller history and description of the project,&nbsp;see&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/pages/TALIM-negatives" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">this page</a>.&nbsp;

International Tangier: Morocco & the Mediterranean as seen from Tangier in the Early 20th c.

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digital graphic

IAA708390

Archnet is a community-powered resource that provides ready access to visual and textual material to facilitate teaching, scholarship, and professional work of high quality.&nbsp;This unparalleled resource continues to grow with both the addition of historic archives and documentation on contemporary trends shaping the built environment today.&nbsp;To better serve you, our user, in the study of art and architecture of Muslim societies, we continue to build our vast collection of sites, publications, images, and videos. To ensure a high level of scholarly content and accuracy in the information provided, we appreciate your expert feedback and, more importantly, your contributions..&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Please send comments, corrections, commendations, and other feedback to <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>If you find sites on Archnet to which you can contribute in compelling and meaningful ways, your generosity is most welcome. If you would be interested in contributing research, publications or other media to Archnet, please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite contributions of relevant, previously published, Open Access or copyrighted material for which you are able to grant Archnet a non-exclusive license. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite the contribution of syllabi, lesson plans, recorded lectures, or other material for our pedagogy project. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We welcome the donation of select archives based on our current editorial policies and priorities.&nbsp;If you have a collection you would like to bring to the attention of Archnet's editors, please send an email to: <a href="http://mailto: archnet-submission@mit.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.</li><li>Occasionally, Archnet editors issue calls for contributions on specific themes or of particular types of material. Follow those on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">website of AKDC@MIT </a>or <a href="https://mailchi.mp/17fc345bbd94/archnetakdc-updates" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">subscribe to our mailing list</a>.</li></ul> The breadth, depth, and quality of Archnet is oachieved through the generosity of numerous institutions and individuals listed on the respective pages throughout the site.&nbsp;We thank you for your generosity!

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Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

Box 6 - International Tangier

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Box 6 - International Tangier

Images & Videos

Parent Collections

Related Collections

Keywords