India

Transliterated

Arabic

Alternate transliteration

Fīroz Shāh Tug̲h̲laq, Sultan of Delhi (r. 1351-1388) 

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Firoz_Shah_Taghlak.jpg

1959-62 Survey Called the Fortification South of Niẕām al-Dīn. Located approximately 150 m south from the Tomb of Niẕām al-Dīn Auliyā. Grid ref. I-9It is thought that this was originally a surrounding wall with a square plan approximately 100 m on a side, battlements, and in its four corners, fort-like structures with bastions. Today there are residences crowding the fortification, both inside and out, so it is difficult to know it in its entirety, but overall it is badly damaged, with many repairs and reconstructions of later years seen throughout. The northeast corner retains its original appearance relatively well; a small building with a square plan and a pyramidal roof stands atop the bastion. The eastern part of the surrounding wall on the north, there is a gate that is still in use, but this too is heavily repaired. It is not clear when this surrounding wall was built, but the part thought to be the oldest shows characteristics of the middle Delhi Sultanate years. Immediately to the east is a mosque called Kālī Masjid, which was built during the times of Fīrūz Shāh of the Tughluq Dynasty. ニザームッディーン南部の聚落囲壁とよぶ。ニザームッディーン・・の墓の南方約150メートルにある。附図.I-9本来は,一辺約100メートルにおよぶ四角平面の囲壁で,バットゥルメントをそなえ,四隅にバスティオンをもつ城砦風の構築物であったと思われる。現在では,内外に住居が密集しており,その全貌をうかがうことはできないが,全体的に崩壊が著しく,後代の改築・補修が随処にみられる。東北隅の部分は本来のすがたを比較的よくとどめており,バスティオンの上に,ピラミッド型の屋根ををいただく四角平面の小さな建物が立っている。また,北側の囲壁の東寄りの部分には,門がのこっていて,現在もなお使用されているが,これもやはり補修が著しい。この囲壁が,いつの時代に構築されたかは,歴史的には明らかでないが,上に述べたもっとも古いと思われる部分は,デリー諸王朝時代中期の特徴をよく示している.この囲壁のすぐ東側には,カーリー・マスジドとよばれる,トゥグルク朝のフィーローズ・シャーの時代に建てられたモスクがのこっている。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅲ-26,ASI.Ⅱ-241 2015-18 Survey The ground level of the northern end is higher than the rest. There is a part that leads through an arch to a lower level outside the north side, so the structure may once have been the north part of the wall surrounding the village. [現状]北端部地面が一段高く、アーチをくぐって、北側外の低い地面へと通じる部分があり、もしかしたら集落の北の囲壁に当たるのかもしれない。[集落囲郭] 100m四方ほどの広がりで、M6の西に位置する。『デリー』によると、4隅にバスティオンがあり、北東の上に矩形の建物が報告される。囲壁内北西にT76があり、集落とT76とは関係性をもったと思われる。 (Paragraph 2 from the 2015-18 Survey translated with Google Translate)[Settlement enclosure] It is about 100m square and is located west of M6. According to "Derry", there are bastions at the four corners, and a rectangular building is reported on the northeast. T76 is located to the northwest within the enclosure wall, and it is thought that there was a relationship between the settlement and T76. Map Reference : Grid ref. I-9IOC Reference : O 09, III-26ASI Reference : Ⅱ-241Archived IOC Site Record:&nbsp;https://perma.cc/5G93-PE5X Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Enclosure at Nizam Ud-Din (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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IAA711769

1959-62 Survey The building is rectangular, its external dimensions16.5 m by 6 m, with three rooms each having its own entrance to the east. The main chamber is surmounted by a dome. East of the building is a courtyard surrounded by a low wall. シャイフプル(Shaikhpur)のモスクとよぶ。シャイフプル部落の西端に近く,チラーグ・デリー・ロード（Chiragh Delhi Road）にそって,その北側にある。附図.H-12 外辺約16.5メートルと6メートルの長方形の建物で,それぞれ東に入口を開く三つの部屋からなっており,中央の部屋はドームをのせている。この建物の東には,低い囲壁に囲まれた前庭がある。第Ⅲ期。 東研.Ⅷ-20;ASI.Ⅲ-250 2015-18 SurveyThere is now a three-story ferroconcrete building in its place. Some remnants of the ruins were found in the half-cellar. [現状]鉄筋コンクリート造3階建てに建て替えられ、その半地下に遺構の残骸を確認することができた。[平面]Monuments of Delhiによると、間口16.2m奥行6.3m。間口3間奥行1間のモスクで、M37、M38、M42と同様中央に高いドームをもつ。[外観] 東面は壁式で、中央部に多少高く突出するピシュタークを設け、その両端にタレットを立て、軒はなく、アーチを囲む枠と上部の頂部飾のみで、比較的無装飾である。ファサードの両端にもタレットをたてる。、[内観]中央ドームは、小アーチ枠を分節する梁状持送を倒立三角形に2段重ねて8角形を導き、3段目は8角形を24の小アーチ枠が取り囲み、さらに16連アーチのドラムを立上げ、ドームを冠する。両脇は、倒立三角形平面逆三で8角形を導き、おそらく皿状ヴォールトをのせた。 (Paragraphs 2-4 from the 2015-18 Survey translated with Google Translate)[Plan] According to Monuments of Delhi, it has a width of 16.2m and a depth of 6.3m. It is a mosque with a width of three bays and a depth of one bay, and has a high dome in the center, similar to M37, M38, and M42. [Exterior] The east side is wall-shaped, with a pishtaq that protrudes somewhat high in the center, turrets on both ends, no eaves, and relatively undecorated, with only the arch frame and the top ornament on the upper part. Turrets are also erected on both ends of the facade. , [Interior] The central dome is formed by stacking two tiers of beam-like corbels that segment small arch frames into an inverted triangle to form an octagon, and the third tier is surrounded by 24 small arch frames, and a drum of 16 consecutive arches is raised to crown the dome. The sides are formed into an octagon with an inverted triangular plan, probably surmounted by a dish vault. Map Reference : Grid ref. H-12, Ill. 51a.IOC Reference : M47, VIII-20ASI Reference : III-250Archived IOC Site Record:&nbsp;https://perma.cc/BLM5-TBWZ Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Shaikhpur Mosque (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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IAA710942

1959-62 Survey This is a small mosque, three bays long and two bays deep, with a cross-vaulted ceiling and a flat roof. On the roof is an octagonal chatrī (kiosk-turret) with a roof in the shape of a pyramid. The ceiling of the mosque is, unusually, covered with banded and circular patterns, but as it is still used as a mosque, these are covered by thick whitewash. This building is thought to be connected with Qadam Sharīf to the south. カダム・シャリーフ(Qadam Sharīf)のモスクとよぶ。ニューデリー鉄道駅の北北西約600メートル,クトゥブ=ロードの西約200メートルにあるカダム・シャリーフの城壁の西端にある。附図.H-6 間口3間・奥行2間の小さなモスクで,交叉ヴォールトの天井と平屋根とをもっている。屋上には,ピラミッド型の屋根をいただく八角平面のチャトリー(chatrī)が立っている。この建物の天井の随所に,帯状と円形の文様がほどこされているのはめずらしいが,現在なお,モスクとして使用されているために,厚い塗装におおわれている。このモスクは,南にあるカダム・シャリーフと関連して建てられたものと思われる。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅱ-7;ASI.Ⅱ-350 2015-18 Survey T99 remains, but the old mosque next to it has been demolished, and a new ferroconcrete mosque has been built with no gate on the east. Other buildings crowd the area. In 2018, locals confirmed that M21 was destroyed [現状]T99は残るが、隣りのモスクは老朽化によって破却され、新たな鉄筋コンクリートのモスクが新設され、東門もなく、全て建物が立て込んでいた。また、2018年の聞き取り調査によってもM21の破却を確認した。[平面]間口3間奥行2間の礼拝室でM15を小さくした形である。Monuments of Delhiによると礼拝室内間口7m奥行6.3mで、中庭は間口9m奥行7m。[外観] 1959-62年の写真には、東側に前廊が増築されているが、本来のファサードの柱は2本柱とし、1間ごとに両端と2つの持送が残り、おそらく軒を有したと思われる。他のモスクと異なるのは、屋上に8本柱のチャトリをもつ点である。チャトリは軒を張り出しドームでなく8角錐の屋根をいただく。このChattriは、上部周囲にU字型の囲いをまわすので、M21西壁がO8のボルジュ内に設けられ、集落西壁のChattriだったのかもしれない。[内観]6つのベイにクロス・ヴォールトを架ける。ミフラーブ周囲にはインスクリプションが残り、アーチのイントラドスには帯状の装飾、ヴォールトの曲面およびミフラーブの凹面にメダイオンの装飾がなされた。 (Paragraphs 2-3 from the 2015-18 Survey translated with Google Translate)[Plan] The prayer room is 3 bays wide and 2 bays deep, and is a smaller version of M15. According to Monuments of Delhi, the prayer room is 7m wide and 6.3m deep, and the courtyard is 9m wide and 7m deep. [Exterior] In a photo taken between 1959 and 1962, a front hall has been added to the east side, but the original facade has two columns, and both ends and two corbels remain for each bay, so it is likely that it had eaves. What makes it different from other mosques is that it has an eight-column chhatri on the roof. The chhatri has a protruding eaves and an octagonal pyramid roof instead of a dome. This chattri has a U-shaped enclosure around the upper part, so it may have been a chattri on the western wall of the settlement, as the western wall of M21 was built inside the borj of O8. [Interior] A cross vault spans six bays. Inscriptions remain around the mihrab, and the intrados of the arch has band-like decorations, and the curved surface of the vault and the concave surface of the mihrab have medallion decorations. Map Reference : Grid ref. H-6. Ill. 33.IOC Reference : M21, II-7ASI Reference : II-350Archived IOC Site Record:&nbsp;https://perma.cc/Y7T3-UM7G Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Mosque at Qadam Sharif (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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IAA710960

1959-62 Survey This mosque, five bays long and two bays deep, has a cross-vaulted ceiling and a flat roof. From the remains in the vicinity, the courtyard was originally surrounded by a wall, and it is likely a small gateway was located on the eastern side. It was built in the early part of the Slave Dynasty and is said to have been repaired by Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. It is situated around 70 m east-south-east of the tomb popularly known as Sulṭān Ghārī (T-1, Ill. 73-74). Its walls completely collapsed sometime between the survey carried out in 1959 and the supplementary survey in 1962. スルターン・ガリー(Sultan Garhi；Sulṯān Gaṛhī)東方のモスクとよぶ。クトゥブ・ミーナール(Quṯb Mīnār)の西方約4.9キロメートル,マヒパールプル(Mahipalpur; Mahīpālpur )部落の東南約1.4キロメートル,メへローリー=ロードの南側にある。附図.D-12 間口5間・奥行2間のモスクで,交叉ヴォールトの天井と平坦な屋根をもっている。周囲の痕跡からみて,おそらくは,その前庭は,囲壁によって囲まれ,その東側に,小さな門を開いていたと推定される。このモスクは,奴隷王朝初期に建てられ,フィローズシャー・トゥグルク(Fīroz Shāh Tughluq)が補修したとされている,スルターン・ガリーとよばれる墓建築の,ほぼ東南東約70メートルに位置している。なお,このモスクは,1959年の現地調査と,1962年の補足調査とのあいだに,壁をのこして完全に崩壊してしまった。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅸ-3;cf.ASI.Ⅳ-106 2015-18 Survey This was found covered with weeds in a jungle, but with an ASI signboard. In Delhi, it is written that this structure had collapsed between 1959 and 1962, leaving just the west wall. It has further deteriorated; only the walls of the southwest section remain. [現状]ジャングルの中に草に覆われて存在し、考古局の看板が取り付けられる。1959年から1962年の間に西壁を残して崩壊したと『デリー』に記述され、崩壊の程度がさらに進み、南西部の壁だけが現存する。[平面]M14と同様に間口5間奥行2間のグリッド上に10ベイからなる。[外観]ファサードに2本柱を用い、アーチ上は1間毎の両端と2つの持送を配するので、1959-62年には現存しないがM14同様に軒を張り出した。M14と異なる点は、南北辺には屋上への階段部が接続し、外観は平屋根とする。[内観]それぞれのベイにクロス・ヴォールトをのせる。 (Paragraphs 2-4 from the 2015-18 Survey translated with Google Translate)[Current situation] It is covered with grass in the jungle, and has a signboard of the Archaeological Department. It is described in "Delhi" as having collapsed between 1959 and 1962, leaving only the western wall, and the collapse has progressed further, with only the southwestern wall remaining. [Plan] Like M14, it consists of 10 bays on a grid of 5 bays wide and 2 bays deep. [Exterior] Two columns are used on the facade, and the arches have two corbels at both ends of each bay, so like M14, it had overhanging eaves, although they did not exist in 1959-62. The difference from M14 is that the north and south sides are connected to the rooftop, and the exterior has a flat roof. [Interior] Each bay has a cross vault. Map Reference : Grid ref. D-12, Ill. 28b.IOC Reference : M15, IX-3ASI Reference :&nbsp;IV-106Archived IOC Site Record:&nbsp;https://perma.cc/T6J3-5V3D Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Mosque of East Sultan Ghari (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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IAA711000

1959-62 Survey This large and imposing mosque was built on a high terraced plinth with a large number of vaulted cells on all three levels. At present all that remains is the west wall, with five recesses for miḥrābs in the central section, as well as portions of other walls. Originally the prayer hall was three bays deep and opened onto a courtyard. The main entrance gateway is a domed structure projecting out on the northern side. It stands at the top of a tall staircase, and has arches opening out on three sides. The mosque faced the Jamnā river, which then ran along the eastern part of the citadel (O. 7, Ill. 147-148). Contemporary records suggest the mosque was constructed during the reign of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Period II.IOC: II-4-1; ASI: II-116 フィーローズシャー・コートラー(Ferozshah Kotla; Fīrozshāh Koṭlā)のジャーマ・マスジドとよぶ。デリー門の東南約750メートル,マトゥラー・ロード(Mathura Road)の東約350メートル,フィーローズ=シャー=コートラの内部,宮廷地域の北の部分にある。附図.I-6 このモスクは,四周に数多くの部屋をめぐらす高い基壇の上に立っており,壮大な規模をもつものである。現在では,中央の部分に五つのミフラーブをそなえた西壁と,その他の壁の一部がのこっているにすぎないが,かつては,奥行3間の部屋が内庭をとり囲んでいたものと推定される。このモスクの北側には,ドームをいただく正門が張り出していて,高い階段をのぼって,その三方に開く入口に達することができる。このモスクは,フィーローズーシャー=コートラとして知られている城砦の東の部分の,もとジャムナー河に面して建てられたもので,同時代の史書の記述から,トゥグルク朝のフィーローズ=シャーの治世に建立されたものと推定される。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅱ-4-1;ASI.Ⅱ-116 (Paragraph 1st from the 1959 - 62 Survey translated using Google Translate)It is called the Jama Masjid of Firozshah Kotla (Firozshāh Koṭlā). It is located about 750 meters southeast of the Delhi Gate and about 350 meters east of Mathura Road, inside Firozshah Kotla, in the northern part of the palace area. Fig. I-6This mosque is magnificent in scale, standing on a high platform with numerous rooms surrounding it on all four sides. Currently, only the western wall with five mihrabs in the central part and parts of the other walls remain, but it is believed that once there were rooms three bays deep surrounding the inner courtyard. On the north side of the mosque, a domed main gate juts out, and one can reach the entrances opening on three sides by climbing a high staircase. This mosque was built facing the original Jamuna River in the eastern part of the fort known as Firoz Shah Kotra, and is presumed to have been built during the reign of Firoz Shah of the Tughluq Dynasty, according to contemporary historical records. Period II. IOC: II-4-1; ASI: II-116 2015-18 Survey This structure is preserved in the ruins park. Compared to the 1959-62 photos, the steps below the north gate have been repaired, the ablution facility in the northeast section outside the buildings has been excavated and preserved, and the east section outside the courtyard has been turned into a park. It is not used as a grand mosque but it appears that it is sometimes a place of worship, as there is a wooden minbar, a clock, mats, and other items in front of the mihrab. [現状]遺跡公園の中の建造物として保存される。1959•62年の写真と比較すると、北門下階段が修理され、建物外側北東部の沐浴施設が発掘・保存され、中庭の東外側は、公園化された。大モスクとしては使われていないが、ミフラーブの前には木製のミンバルや時計ゴザがあり、礼拝を行うこともあるようだ。[平面]間口11スパン、奥行3スパンの礼拝室で、他の3辺には奥行3スパンの回廊とする。M5(東西45m南北40m)は宮殿内のモスクで、M3(東西125m南北115m)やM4(東西95m南北91m)と比べると規模が小さい。礼拝室中央は間口5間奥行3間で3つのミフラーブが並ぶ。両脇3間は2層構成の服礼拝室で、1間ごとに下部に2アーチ、上部1アーチをもつ。副礼拝室北西隅の上方に斜めのアーチが残るので、間口奥行3スパンの副礼拝室上階に直径約11mの大ドームを計画したかもしれないが、壁面は建物の隅部に限られるため大ドームを支えることは困難で、礼拝室や回廊と同様の構成を取ったと思われる。柱は、ザナナ部分は一回り細い矩形柱で、中庭周囲は2本、4隅は4本を合わせる。[北門]北側階段上にドームをいただく壁式ドーム建築が残る。四方を開き、内部はスクインチ・アーチで8角形を導き、隅に立方体と梁状の持送を入れ、円形を導く。スクインチ・アーチ内は2曲面からなり、M4の門等と類似する。 (Paragraphs 2nd &amp; 3rd from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] The prayer room is 11 spans wide and 3 spans deep, and the other three sides are corridors with 3 spans deep. M5 (45m east-west, 40m north-south) is a mosque within the palace, and is smaller in scale than M3 (125m east-west, 115m north-south) and M4 (95m east-west, 91m north-south). The center of the prayer room is 5 bays wide and 3 bays deep, with three mihrabs lined up. The three bays on both sides are two-story dressed prayer rooms, with two arches at the bottom and one arch at the top for each bay. As a diagonal arch remains above the northwest corner of the secondary prayer hall, it is possible that a large dome with a diameter of approximately 11 meters was planned for the upper floor of the secondary prayer hall, which has a width and depth of three spans. However, as the wall surface is limited to the corners of the building, it would have been difficult to support a large dome, and it is thought that a similar structure to the prayer hall and cloister was adopted. The columns are rectangular, slightly thinner than the zanana part, with two around the courtyard and four at the four corners. [North Gate] A wall-type dome building with a dome on top remains above the northern stairs. Open on all four sides, the interior is octagonal with squinch arches, and cubes and beam-like corbels at the corners lead to a circle. The inside of the squinch arch consists of two curved surfaces, similar to Gate M4. Map Reference: Grid ref. I-16IOC Reference: M05, II-4-1ASI Reference: II-116Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/WB9C-KHNX Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Jami Masjid at Firuz Shah Kotla (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey This mosque consists of a prayer hall three bays deep and eleven bays long on the western side of a central courtyard, surrounded by arcades one bay deep around the north, south and east sides, from which gateways project. Two covered aisles connect the south and north gateways and the east gateway and the central portion of the prayer hall, dividing the interior courtyard into four squares. Tapering circular turrets like minarets are built on the four corners of the mosque, and also flank the three gateways and the central miḥrāb at the rear. Small domes top the prayer hall, the arcades and the interior aisles. More than half of them are now in a ruinous condition. A dedicatory inscription over the east gateway is dated 772 A.H. (1370-71) and records the name of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Period II.IOC: III-13; ASI: I-240 カーリー=マスジッド(Kālī Masjid)として知られており,ニザームッディーン・オーリヤーの墓の南南東約200メートルにある。附図.I-9 内庭の西側に,間口11間・奥行3間の礼拝室があり,他の三方を,奥行1間の廻廊がめぐっている。東・南・北の三面には,それぞれ門が張り出しており,内庭は,南門と北門,東門と礼拝室の中央の間を結ぶ二つの通路によって四分されたかたちになっている。このモスクの四隅と,三つの門および中央ミフラーブの背後の左右両側には,それぞれ,ミーナール風の小塔がそえられている。礼拝室・廻廊および通路のすべての間には,小さなドームがのせられているが,現在では,その過半数が崩壊してしまっている。 東門の入口の上方に掲げられている碑文には,772A.H.(1370-71A.D.)の年次と,トゥグルク朝のフィーローズ・シャーの名とが記されており,このモスクの建立の時期を示している。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅲ-13;ASI.Ⅱ-240 (1st line of 1959 - 62 Survey translated using Google Translate)It is known as the Kali Masjid and is located about 200 meters south-southeast of the tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya. 2015-18 SurveyThis is in use as a mosque. The arcade in the courtyard that was collapsed in 1959-62 has been repaired and covered entirely in stucco. Some sections have been repaired in a revivalist style, but there is also modern construction using ferro concrete pillars and slabs, such as the north side of the prayer hall and the ablution facility of the northeast courtyard. [現状] モスクとして使われ、1959-62年には崩れていた中庭内の回廊が修復され、全体がスタッコで上塗りされる。修復部分は、復古的な様式で復元された部分もあるが、礼拝室北側や、北東の中庭部の沐浴施設部分などは鉄筋コンクリートの柱とスラブを用いた現代的様式で新築される。[平面]M5同様にグリッド状に柱を立てる平面構成で、以後のモスクではこの方式がとられることが多い。東西12間、南北11間で、西辺以外の3辺中央に壁式ドーム建築の門を突出する。西側を間口11間奥行3間の礼拝室とし、中庭に幅1間の回廊をコの字型に回し、中庭を直交する回廊で4分する。分割された中庭は間口4間奥行3間となる。中庭内に回廊を挿入する例は、デリー以外の他のイスラーム圏にはない。室外に面する部分には柱を2本、あるいは4本組み合わせピアの役割を持たせ、スラストを受け止める工夫が見られる。ただし、中庭を東西に横切る廊では、例外的に中庭に面する部分は1本柱とする。[外観]高い基壇上に建設する点はM3からM5と同様で、3つの門とミフラーブ背後、および建物の4隅に両端に先すぼまりの塔型をもつ。M4やM5の壁式ドーム建築門とは異なり、M4イーワーンや壁モスクに多用された塔型を用いる。[内観]中庭の軒は、1間毎、両端と中央の2つの持送上にのる。内部架構は全てのベイにペンデンティブ状で半球形ドームをのせ、外観にドームを立上げる。3つの門は四方に開き、内部はスクインチ・アーチで8角形を導き、隅に立方体と梁状の持送を入れ円形を導く。スクインチ・アーチ内は一曲面とする。 (Paragraphs 2nd to 4th from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] Like M5, it has a grid-like structure of columns, and this method has been adopted in many mosques since then. It has 12 bays from east to west and 11 bays from north to south, and a wall-type dome-style gate protrudes from the center of the three sides except for the west side. The west side is a prayer room with a width of 11 bays and a depth of 3 bays, and a one-bay corridor runs around the courtyard in a U-shape, dividing the courtyard into four parts with corridors crossing at right angles. The divided courtyard is 4 bays wide and 3 bays deep. There are no examples of corridors being inserted into a courtyard in other Islamic countries other than Delhi. In the part facing the outside, two or four columns are combined to act as piers, and a device is seen to withstand thrust. However, in the corridor that crosses the courtyard from east to west, the part facing the courtyard is exceptionally made up of a single column. [Exterior] Like M3 to M5, it is built on a high platform, and has three gates and a tapered tower at both ends behind the mihrab, and at the four corners of the building. Unlike the wall-type dome-architecture gates of M4 and M5, it uses a tower type that is often used in M4 iwans and walled mosques. [Interior] The eaves of the courtyard rest on two corbels, one at each end and one in the center, for every bay. The internal structure has pendentive-shaped hemispherical domes on all bays, and a dome rises on the exterior. The three gates open on all four sides, and the interior is octagonal with squinch arches, and cubes and beam-shaped corbels are placed at the corners to create a circle. The inside of the squinch arch is a single curved surface. Map Reference: Grid ref. I-0IOC Reference: M06, Ill. 17-18ASI Reference: I-240Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/FLF3-ACER Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Kali Masjid (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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4x5 Delhi_9_2943IMG0019.jpg

1959-62 Survey This mosque has a courtyard measuring about 15 m from east to west and 21 m from north to south, with a prayer hall five bays long and three bays deep on the western side and domed arcades one bay deep on the other three sides. Each bay of the prayer hall and the arcades (with the exception of the western side of the east gateway) is topped by a small dome. A distinctive feature of the mosque is the existence of flat-roofed rooms on either side, and to the rear, of the prayer hall. Their use is unclear. The structure is built on a plinth of arcaded cells. A conical bastion stands at each corner. A domed gateway, flanked by tapering turrets, projects to the east from the centre of the eastern arcade, and it is approached by a tall flight of stairs. A dedicatory inscription over the east gateway records that it was built in 789 A.H. (1387) and it contains the name of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. The mosque remains in use today, though it has been repaired and altered over the course of the years. Period II.IOC: II-2, ASI: I-138. カーラーン=マスジッド(Kālān Masjid)あるいはカーリー=マスジッド(Kālī Masjid)とよばれており,オールドデリーのトルコマーン門(Turkman Gate)の西北約350メートルにある。附図.H-6 東西約15メートル,南北約21メートルの内庭を囲んで,西側に間口5間・奥行3間の礼拝室があり,東・南・北の三方には,奥行1間の廻廊をめぐらしている。礼拝室および廻廊の間は,東門の西側のそれをのぞいて,すべて小さなドームをのせている。礼拝室の左右および裏側に,平坦な屋根の部屋をもっているのがこのモスクの特徴であるが,その用途はあきらかではない。この建物の全体は,周囲に多くの小部屋をそなえた高い基1のうえに立っており,その四隅には,ドームをいただくバスティオン風の塔が設けられている。東廻廊の中央部には,その左右にミーナールを模した小塔をもつ正門が東に張り出しており,高い階段をのぼってそれに達することができる。 正門の東入口上方に,789A.H.(1387A.D.)の年次と,トゥグルク朝のフィーローズ・シャー(Fīrozshāh)の名を記した歴史碑文があり,この建物の建立の時代を示している。このモスクは,今日なお,礼拝の場として使用されており,後代の補修と改変が認められる。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅱ-2;ASI.Ⅰ-138 (1st line of Japanese text from 1959-62 Survey translated)It is called Kālān Masjid or Kāli Masjid, and is located about 350 meters northwest of the Turkman Gate in Old Delhi. 2015-18 SurveyThis is in use as a mosque and has been painted in vibrant green hues. In 2015, workers were laying a white marble floor with arch-shaped inlays inside the prayer hall. [現状]モスクとして使われ、緑を主体とした派手な彩色が施される。2015年には礼拝室内にアーチ型象嵌の入った白大理石床を敷き直す工事中であった。[平面]M6、M7と同様グリッドを基盤とするが、中庭を分割する回廊はなく、礼拝室周囲を細長い部屋で囲む点は他に例がない。全体は東西9間南北7間で、西側に間口5間奥行3間の礼拝室、その周囲は厚い壁、背後を小室とする。中庭周囲は回廊が取り巻く。基壇には前後2室構成の小室が並ぶ。[外観] 中庭ファサードに2本柱を用い、折曲部に4本柱を用い、1間毎に2つ持送を配し、軒を張り出し、半球形のドームを並べる。東面に壁式ドーム建築の門を突出し、高い階段が続く。M4と同様の高い基壇で、建物4隅と東門の東ファサードに円形ボルジュを突出させる点は、M7と似ている。東門は、東面中央を突出し、その両側に小アーチ枠を垂直方向に並べた間にアーチを挿入し、楣式入口を開口する。壁面上に巨大な蓮弁頂部飾をもち、両端の塔型と中央突出部にタレットをもつ。装飾等については、後世の改変も大きいと思われる。[内観] 礼拝室と回廊部のドームの移行部のアーチ・ネットの装飾は、ムガル朝の改修で、ヴォールトを白塗りし、アーチ稜線を緑色で際立たせる。門は、スクインチ・アーチで8角形とし、ドラムを16の矩形とし、ドームをのせる。スクインチ・アーチ内は一曲面で処理する。 (Paragraphs 2nd to 4th from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] Like M6 and M7, it is based on a grid, but there is no corridor dividing the courtyard, and the prayer room is surrounded by long, narrow rooms, which is unique. The entire building is 9 bays east to west and 7 bays north to south, with a prayer room on the west side that is 5 bays wide and 3 bays deep, surrounded by thick walls and a small room at the back. The courtyard is surrounded by corridors. Small rooms, each with two rooms at the front and back, are lined up on the platform. [Exterior] Two columns are used for the courtyard facade, four columns are used at the bend, two corbels are placed every bay, the eaves are extended, and hemispherical domes are lined up. A wall-type dome-style gate protrudes on the east side, and a high staircase continues. It is similar to M7 in that it has a high base like M4, and protrudes circular borj at the four corners of the building and the east façade of the east gate. The east gate protrudes from the center of the east side, and small arch frames are arranged vertically on both sides, with an arch inserted between them, creating a lintel-style entrance. The wall has a huge lotus-petal top ornament, and towers at both ends and the central protrusion have turrets. The decorations are thought to have been largely modified later. [Interior] The decorations of the arch net at the transition between the prayer hall and the gallery dome were renovated by the Mughal dynasty, and the vault was painted white, with the arch ridge highlighted in green. The gate is an octagonal squinch arch, with a drum made of 16 rectangles, and a dome placed on top. The inside of the squinch arch is treated with a single curved surface. Map Reference: Grid ref. H-6, Ill. 21.IOC Reference: M08, II-2ASI Reference: I-138Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/H8CU-D8KP Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Kalan Masjid (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey This mosque is built at the northern end of the Ḥauẓ Khāṣ tank, adjoining a madrasa (Map O. 24, Ill. 155b-157) situated on the eastern and southern sides of the tank. It has a prayer hall nine bays wide and one bay deep and arcades on the north and south sides, each four bays wide and two bays deep. The northern one has fallen into ruin. The middle five bays of the prayer hall have a five-arched facade in front of the miḥrāb, and a divided staircase leads down to the tank from the exterior of the central one through a square, domed chatrī (pavilion). The other four have oriel windows open to the west, and similar windows can be seen in the adjoining prayer rooms. The front courtyard of the mosque is surrounded by walls and there is a square domed gateway on the southeastern side. Period II.IOC: VI-11-3; ASI: III-310. ハウズ・ハース(Hauẓ Khāṣ)のモスクとよぶ。ハウズ・ハースの貯水池の東南隅にある。附図.G-11 このモスクは、ハウズ・ハースの貯水池に沿い,マドラサの北につづいて建てられ,間口9間・奥行1間の礼拝室と,南北両端から東に張り出す,それぞれ,間口4間・奥行2間の袖室とからなっているが,北の袖室は,すでに崩壊している。礼拝室の九つの間のうち,中央をふくむ五つの間は,そのミフラーブの位置が,背面にまで貫かれており,中央のものは,ドームをいただく四角平面のチャハトリに通じ,そこから左右にわかれる階段によって貯水池の水面に達する。他の四つは,張り出し窓になっているが,同じようなものは,南北両端の側壁にも認められる。このモスクの前庭は,囲壁によってとり囲まれており,その東南隅には,ドームをいただく四角平面の門が設けられている。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅵ-11-3;ASI.Ⅲ-310 (1st line from the 1959-62 Survey is translated using Google Translate)It is called the Hauẓ Khāṣ Mosque. It is located in the southeast corner of the Hauẓ Khāṣ reservoir. 2015-18 Survey In 2015, this had become privatized, despite it being in an area designated by ASI, and we could not enter. In 2018, it was undergoing repair as part of a plan to open the monument to the public. [現状]2015年には私有化が進み、立ち入ることはできなかった。2018年には修復工事が開始され、一連の遺跡として公開される予定である。[平面]O24の礼拝室として建設され、西壁が湖に面するためキブラ壁に開口が多く、周囲に湖へ降りる階段が続く。南東隅に門があり、本来は南からアクセスした。現在、東壁はないが、本来は壁で囲まれた内庭西に、南北廊を突出させた礼拝室で、礼拝室は間口9間奥行1間と浅く、南北廊は間口3間奥行2間。[外観]中庭面に2本柱、折曲部に4本柱を用い、1間毎の両端に雲形持送を持ち、その上に横架材を渡し、軒板を張り出す。礼拝室西面中央ミフラーブの背後に床を張り出し、開放的な4柱式ドーム建築が続き、そこから左右に湖への階段が続く。建物外側は装飾的で、中央から南北に2番目のミフラーブ背後はアーチ型開口窓、3番目のミフラーブ背後は持送上に2本の切石柱をもつ出窓とする。南北面の西端にも同様な出窓をもつ。建物全体に頂部飾は見当たらない。[内観]それぞれのベイにクロイスター・ヴォールトをかける。[門]正方形の壁式ドーム建築で四方に開口する。外観は8角形ドラムを立上げ、ドームとし、頂部飾は残らない。南が正面で、中央に突出・立上げた枠内に開口アーチを設け、梁をかけ下部を楣式の入口とする。内部はスクインチ・アーチに、円形ドラムを介し、ドームがのり、一部にスタッコ装飾が残る。 (Paragraphs 2nd to 5th from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] It was built as a prayer room for O24, and since the west wall faces the lake, there are many openings in the qibla wall, and stairs leading down to the lake continue all around. There is a gate in the southeast corner, and it was originally accessed from the south. There is no east wall now, but originally it was a prayer room with a north-south corridor protruding into the west of the walled inner courtyard. The prayer room is shallow, with a width of 9 bays and a depth of 1 bay, and the north-south corridor is 3 bays wide and 2 bays deep. [Exterior] Two columns are used on the courtyard side and four columns at the bend, with cloud-shaped corbels at both ends of each bay, with horizontal members on top and overhanging eaves. A floor is overhanging behind the mihrab in the center of the west side of the prayer room, and an open four-columned dome building continues, from which stairs to the lake continue on both sides. The exterior of the building is decorative, with an arched opening window behind the second mihrab from the center to the north and south, and a bay window with two cut stone columns on the corbels behind the third mihrab. There are similar bay windows at the west end of the north and south faces. No ceiling decorations are found on the entire building. [Interior] A cloister vault is placed on each bay. [Gate] A square wall-type dome building with openings on all four sides. The exterior is a dome made by raising an octagonal drum, and no ceiling decoration remains. The front faces south, and an opening arch is set within a protruding and raised frame in the center, with beams supporting a lintel-style entrance at the bottom. Inside, a dome is placed over a squinch arch via a circular drum, and some stucco decorations remain. Map Reference: Grid ref. G-11IOC Reference: M11,&nbsp;VI-11-3ASI Reference: III-310Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/L9ME-FDJ2 (The Survey Descriptions have been translated using Google Translate) Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Hauz Khas Masjid (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey Tomb of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Located in the southeast corner of Ḥawl Khāṣṣ. Grid ref. G-11This tomb is centrally positioned in the group of buildings on the southeast corner of Ḥawl Khāṣṣ tank. It is a domed building with a square plan and entrances to the east and south. On the north and west sides, the building has key-shaped passages leading to the madrasa adjoining the building. There are four tombstones inside, and it can be assumed that the largest central tombstone is that of Fīrūz Shāh. There are inscriptions and designs decorating the interior of the entrances, parts of the squinch arches, and the base of the dome, alleviating an otherwise monotonous interior.There are inscriptions on the arch of the south entrance with the name of Sultan Fīrūz Shāh, and, together with the year 913 A.H. (1508), the name of Lodī Dynasty Sultan Sikandar. Presumably these inscriptions indicate that the tomb was renovated during the reign of Sikandar Shāh; the cross vault occupying the interior of the dome and the many circular designs were probably added at the time of the renovation. The small front courtyard to the south of the tomb is surrounded by a railing on a plinth; this railing is a restoration made in recent years. Period II.IOC: VI-11-1; ASI: III-308 フィーローズ=シャー=トゥグルク(Firuz Shah Tughluq)の墓で,ハウズ=ハースの東南隅に立っている。附図.G-11この墓は,ハウズ=ハースの貯水池の東南隅に立ち並ぶ建物群の中央に位置しており,ドームをいただく,四角平面の建物である。南と東には,入口を開いているが,北と西とに,この建物の北側および西側につづくマドラッサに通じる鍵型の通路をもっている。内部には4基の墓石があるが,ほぼ中央の最大のものが,おそらくは,フィーローズ=シャーのものであろう。入口の内部と,スクィンチアーチの部分,およびドームの基部は,碑文と文様とで飾られており,単調な墓室内部の雰囲気を,にぎやかなものとしている。南面入口のアーチに,スルターン=フィーローズ=シャーの名と,さらに,913A.H. (1508A.D.)の年次とともに,ローディー朝のスルターン=シカンダルの名をも記した碑文がかかげられている。この碑文は,ローディー朝のシカンダル=シャーの時代に,この墓に補修が加えられたことを示すものと推定されるが,ドーム内部をうずめる交叉アーチや多数の円形文様は,おそらくは,このときの補修に際してほどこされたものであろう。なお,この墓の南側にあるせまい前庭は,基台の上に立つ欄干によってとり囲まれているが,この欄干は,近年になって復元されたものである。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅵ-11-1;ASI.Ⅲ-308 2015-18 Survey This is one of the main buildings of the park and is open to the public. Metal lattice doors have been placed in the openings, and the colors of the intersecting band design inside the dome have been restored. The lower part has been repaired by filling the damaged parts with stucco. There appear to be no major changes from 1959-62. [現状]公園の中心建造物として公開される。開口部に金属製透かし扉が設置され、ドーム内の交差帯文様の彩色が復元され、下部は傷んだ箇所をそのままスタッコで埋める修理がなされる。1959-62年代との大きな変容は見当たらない。[平面]Monuments of Delhiには、外形13.6m四方、内径8.7mで、高0.6mの基壇上にのる。大ドーム建築で、西をミフラーブとし、東と南を開口する。[外観]T6やT8と同様に内転びの建築ながら、壁面をスタッコで仕上げ、頂部飾やジャリ等に限り赤砂岩を用いる。T6やT8に比べ、4角形壁上の8角形ドラムの高さが高くなる。さらに、入口アーチを囲む枠を分節し突出させる。[内観]スクインチ・アーチで8角形を導き、隅部に4段の持送(角と平)を重ねて16角形を導き、2層の輪状の装飾帯を入れる。移行部8つのアーチをコの字型に枠取り、部屋の隅に持送(3段、角と平)を挿入しスクインチ・アーチ内は一曲面とする。ドーム内の星形交差文様は中央と隙間にメダイオンの浮彫装飾を挿入する。 (Paragraphs 2nd to 4th from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] Monuments of Delhi has an outer dimension of 13.6m square, an inner diameter of 8.7m, and stands on a 0.6m high platform. It is a large dome building with a mihrab on the west and openings on the east and south. [Exterior] Like T6 and T8, it is an inverted building, but the walls are finished with stucco, and red sandstone is used only for the top decoration and jali. Compared to T6 and T8, the height of the octagonal drum on the square wall is higher. In addition, the frame surrounding the entrance arch is segmented and protruded. [Interior] An octagon is formed by a squinch arch, and four tiers of corbels (corner and flat) are layered at the corners to form a 16-sided shape, with two tiers of ring-shaped decorative bands. The eight arches at the transitional section are framed in a U-shape, and corbels (three tiers, corner and flat) are inserted at the corners of the room, leaving the inside of the squinch arch as a single curved surface. The star-cross pattern inside the dome has medallion relief decorations inserted in the center and in the gaps. Map Reference: Grid ref. G-11IOC Reference: T009, VI-11-1ASI Reference: Ⅲ-308Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/VXY2-KPJU Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Tomb of Firuz Shah Tughluq (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey Widely known as Fīrūz Shāh Kōtlā. Located approximately 600 m south-southeast of Delhi Gate, about 150 m east of Mathura Road. Grid ref. I-6This fort was built along the west bank of Jumnā River, and is surrounded on the west, north, and south by high walls. Inside, near the main gate on the west, there are the ruins of various facilities for military operations. Further east, there is a row of various royal buildings with their backs to the erstwhile banks of Jumnā River; the buildings are all badly damaged today. In the north part of this group of buildings is a three-level staircase-like structure with Emperor Ashoka's stone pillar at the top, the Jum'ah Masjid on one side and a round well on the other. It is known from contemporary sources that the fort and royal buildings were built during the reign of Fīrūz Shāh of the Tughluq Dynasty. Today the inside of this fort is a beautiful green park providing a restful place for the residents of Delhi. Period II.IOC: II-4-2; ASI: II-115 フィーローズ・シャー・コートラー(Fīrūz Shāh Kotlā)としてひろく知られており,デリー門の南南東約600メートル,マトゥラー・ロードの東約150メートルにある。附図.I-6この城砦は,ジャムナー河の西岸にそって建設され,西・南・北を高い城壁によって囲まれている。西の正門を入ると,その附近には軍営のための諸施設の廃墟がのこっており,さらに東に進むと,かつてのジャムナー河の岸辺を背にして,さまざまの宮廷建造物がつらなっている。しかし,いずれも今日では崩壊の度が著しい。この建物群の北部には,アショーカ王の石柱をいただく階段状の三層の建物があり,それをはさんで,ジャーマ・マスジドと円井戸とがある。これらの城壁と宮廷建造物とは,同時代の史書の記述によって,トゥグルク朝のフィーローズ・シャーの治世に建設されたものであることが知られる。現在では,この城砦の内部は,美しい緑の公園として,デリーの人々の憩いの場所となっている。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅱ-4-2;ASI.Ⅱ-115 2015-18 Survey This has become a park monument managed by ASI. Small shrines have been erected at W17 and the staircase-like structure, and were seen to be objects of worship as evidenced by the candles and incense. [現状]考古局が管理する遺跡公園となる。W17や階段状建物には小さな祠が作られ、ロウソクや香が備えられ、信仰の対象になっている様子が伺えた。[城塞]約東西260m南北370mの不整矩形で周囲を壁で囲む。西壁から突出する西門が正門。この東側から南辺にかけて5つの大きな矩形区画が宮殿域をなし、北東にM5、W17等が点在する。南半分が宮殿域で、北半分は市域だとしても、O2やO5よりかなり狭く、特別な人々が住んだと思われる。多数の市民住宅を有するO2市域やO5とは性格が異なり、O2宮殿域と同様と考えられる。[3層建築]上に行くに従い平面を減衰させピラミッド状をなし、最上部にアショカ王柱をたてる。宮殿の中庭建物と角度をなし、M5同様ほぼ東西南北に従う。M5北東、階段状建物の南東に、沐浴施設中庭がある。大モスクにはミナレットがないので、Anthonyは3層建築を大モスクのミナレットとみなす。 (Paragraphs 2nd and 3rd from the 2015-18 Survey translated with Google Translate) [Fortress] It is an irregular rectangle measuring approximately 260m east to west and 370m north to south, and is surrounded by walls. The west gate protruding from the west wall is the main gate. Five large rectangular areas from this east to the south side make up the palace area, with M5, W17, etc. scattered to the northeast. Even if the southern half is the palace area and the northern half is the city area, it is much smaller than O2 and O5, and it is thought that special people lived there. It is different in character from the O2 city area and O5, which have many citizen residences, and is thought to be similar to the O2 palace area. [Three-story building] The plan tapers off as it goes up, forming a pyramid shape, and an Ashoka pillar is erected at the top. It forms an angle with the palace courtyard building, and follows roughly the east-west-north-south direction like M5. Northeast of the M5, southeast of the stepped building, is the bathing courtyard. Since the Great Mosque does not have a minaret, Anthony considers the three-storey building to be the minaret of the Great Mosque. Map Reference: Grid ref. I-16IOC Reference: O07, II-4-2ASI Reference: II-115Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/Z29C-U36Y Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Firoz Shah Kotla, 3 Storied Building (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

Fīroz Shāh Tug̲h̲laq, Sultan of Delhi (r. 1351-1388)
India

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Fīroz Shāh Tug̲h̲laq, Sultan of Delhi (r. 1351-1388)

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