Canada

Eric Ross

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color print

Tlemcen-Sidi-Boumediene-10

Algeria

Below the tomb of Sidi Bu Madyan, at the lowest point of the complex, are the remains of a small palace 
that probably date to the same period as the mosque and madrasa, the 
"Dar al-Soltan," so named because it is believed to have been where the 
Sultan stayed during visits to 'Ubbad.&nbsp; The palace, as described and illustrated by William and George Marçias, was not large, but featured at least two partially covered patios, arcades, water that flowed into and out of latrines and washbasins through walls and underground, and numerous rooms.[1]&nbsp; Though the palace was abandoned after the fall of the Marinid dynasty and is in ruins, some of the fine decoration is still visible today.[2] Notes: 

















[1] Marçias, 266-269 [2] <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf">Nomination to the World Heritage List</a>.&nbsp; p .4 Sources:&nbsp;<div> Marçais, W., and Georges Marçais. Les monuments arabes de Tlemcen. ouvrage publié sous les auspices du Gouvernement général de l'Algérie. Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1903.Ross, Eric, academic.&nbsp; "The zâwiya of Sidi Boumédiène in ‘Ubbâd, Algeria." March 15, 2011. Accessed June 25, 2014. <a href="http://ericrossacademic.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/the-zawiya-of-sidi-boumediene-in-ubbad-algeria/">http://ericrossacademic.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/the-zawiya-of-sidi-boumediene-in-ubbad-algeria/</a> Last accessed June 26,2014. United
 Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Convention 
Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Sidi Bou Mediène (Sidi bu-Medina). Nomination to the World Heritage 
List. Submitted by Algeria. December 31, 1981. Original in French.&nbsp; <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf</a> </div>

Dar al-Sultan

Courtyard of the madrasa viewed from above

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Eight years after the building of the mosque, the madrasa was built alongside the southern wall of the qubba's antechamber and the western wall of the mosque's prayer hall. &nbsp;It is accessed through a monumental door inlaid with ceramic mosaic tile. &nbsp;Like the mosque and qubba, there is a courtyard, with rooms for students and pilgrims surrounding it on two sides. &nbsp;Founded by the Sutan, admission to it was at the discretion of the head of state, and the administration drew many of its highest officials from it's ranks. &nbsp;Ibn Khaldun is among the well known scholars who taught there. &nbsp;It is built on the highest point of the hill.&nbsp;<div> </div><div>Sources:</div><div> </div><div><div>Ali Lafer "'Ubbad (mosque, madrasa and tomb of Abu Madyan or Sidi Bumadyan)" in Discover Islamic Art. Place: Museum With No Frontiers. Accessed June 24, 2014. <a href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;7;en">http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;7;en</a></div><div> </div><div>Bourouiba, Rachid, and Rachid Dokali. Les mosquées en Algérie. Alger: Le Ministère de l'Information et de la Culture: diffusion, SNED, 1974.</div><div> </div><div>Marçais, W., and Georges Marçais. Les monuments arabes de Tlemcen. ouvrage publié sous les auspices du Gouvernement général de l'Algérie. Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1903.</div><div> </div><div>Qantara. Patrimoine méditerranéen. "Mosquée et mausolée d’al-'Ubbâd." Accessed June 25, 2014. <a href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=738&amp;lang=fr.">http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=738&amp;lang=fr.</a></div><div> </div><div>Ross, Eric, academic. &nbsp;"The zâwiya of Sidi Boumédiène in ‘Ubbâd, Algeria." March 15, 2011. Accessed June 25, 2014. <a href="http://ericrossacademic.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/the-zawiya-of-sidi-boumediene-in-ubbad-algeria/">http://ericrossacademic.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/the-zawiya-of-sidi-boumediene-in-ubbad-algeria/</a> Accessed June 26,2014.&nbsp;</div><div> </div><div>United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. &nbsp;Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. &nbsp;Sidi Bou Mediène (Sidi bu-Medina). Nomination to the World Heritage List. Submitted by Algeria. December 31, 1981. &nbsp;Original in French. &nbsp;<a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf</a></div></div>

Madrasa Sidi Abu Madyan

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Tlemcen-Sidi-Boumediene-7

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Tlemcen-Sidi-Boumediene-8

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Tlemcen-Sidi-Boumediene-2

The village of ‘Ubbâd (El-Eubbad), 2 km sw of Tlemcen and now part of the city proper, is the burial place of Sidi Shu’ayb Abu Madyan (Sidi Bou Medien), a figure of major importance in the early history of Sufism in the Maghreb. He died there in 1198 on his way to Marrakech respond to a summons from the Almohad Sultan Abu Yusuf Ya’qub al-Mansur.&nbsp;The village was already a pilgrimage center for the tomb of Sidi al-Abbad.&nbsp;The Qubba of Sidi Bou Madyan was constructed by Mohamed Al-Nasir near al-Abbad's tomb at the end of the 12th century. [1] In the middle of the 14th century it was expanded by Sultan Abu Al-Hasan of the Marinids to include mausoleum and baths along a plan similar to that of the mosque of Sidi al-Halwi Mosque, also in Tlemcen.[2] The mosque is a particularly notable example of Marinid architecture.&nbsp;The main entrance is a 7 meter high, elaborately decorated monumental gate behind which are stairs and leading to the actual door to the mosque.&nbsp;The vestibule is adorned with intricately carved plaster panels and a muqarnas dome. The next set of doors "consists of two panels of cedarwood covered in chiselled and engraved bronze leaf,"[3] and opens onto the courtyard.&nbsp;In the center is a basin for ablution.&nbsp; The square courtyard is enclosed by the archway of the prayer hall that faces the main entrance, and on either side of this by two elevated galleries (reserved for women); along each of its other sides.[4]&nbsp;Opposite the monumental entrance is the prayer hall, with horse shoe arcades, elaborate stucco decorations in floral, calligraphic, and geometric motifs, and a muqarnas dome. The brick minaret is square, decorated with ceramic tile, a style similar to that of <a href="http://archnet.org/sites/1741" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">the Kutubiyya</a> in Marrakech.[5]&nbsp;The hammam, ablution station, and latrines for the mosque are still in service, to the east of the mosque. <a href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;7;en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Discover Islamic Art</a> describes the mausoleum as follows:<blockquote>The tomb of Sidi Boumadyan is found at a lower level than its courtyard entrance. One descends steps in order to reach a small square courtyard surrounded by galleries of horseshoe arches held up by onyx columns. The two bands on either side of the qubba door carry an inscription in Andalusian Maghrebi. The qubba, which houses the tomb that is separated off by a woodwork screen, is a square construction surmounted by a dome that is covered by a four-slope roman-tiled roof.</blockquote>According to the <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Nomination to the UNESCO World Heritage List</a> submitted by Algeria, the tomb chamber houses the remains of the Abu Madyan and "Sidi Abd-es-Selàm, the Tunisian."[6] The door to the street from the tomb is elaborated decorated with a painted floral motif a two columns from the Ottoman era.&nbsp;An antechamber is built around a central courtyard.&nbsp; --Michael A. Toler, Archnet Content Manager, AKDC@MIT NOTES: [1] Macias, 224-226[2] <a href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=738&amp;lang=fr" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Qantara, Mosquée</a>[3] Ali&nbsp;Lafer&nbsp;"'<a href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;7;en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ubbad</a>"[4] Ali&nbsp;Lafer&nbsp;"<a href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;7;en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">'Ubbad</a>"[5] <a href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=738&amp;lang=fr" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Qantara, Mosquée</a>[6] <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Nomination to the World Heritage List.</a><a href="http://" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">&nbsp;</a>p. 6 SOURCES: Ali&nbsp;Lafer&nbsp;"'Ubbad (mosque, madrasa and tomb of Abu Madyan or Sidi Bumadyan)"&nbsp;in Discover Islamic Art. Place: Museum With No Frontiers,&nbsp;2014.&nbsp;Accessed June 24, 2014. <a href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;7;en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;7;en</a> <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Source: [http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;7;en&amp;cp]</a> Bourouiba, Rachid, and Rachid Dokali. Les mosquées en Algérie. Alger: Le Ministère de l'Information et de la Culture: diffusion, SNED, 1974. Marçais, W., and Georges Marçais. Les monuments arabes de Tlemcen. ouvrage publié sous les auspices du Gouvernement général de l'Algérie. Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1903. Qantara. Patrimoine méditerranéen. "Mosquée et mausolée d’al-'Ubbâd." Accessed June 25, 2014. <a href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=738&amp;lang=fr" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=738&amp;lang=fr</a>. Ross, Eric, academic.&nbsp;"The zâwiya of Sidi Boumédiène in ‘Ubbâd, Algeria." March 15, 2011. Accessed June 25, 2014. <a href="http://ericrossacademic.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/the-zawiya-of-sidi-boumediene-in-ubbad-algeria/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://ericrossacademic.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/the-zawiya-of-sidi-boumediene-in-ubbad-algeria/</a>&nbsp; United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Sidi Bou Mediène (Sidi bu-Medina) Nomination to the World Heritage List. Submitted by Algeria. Translated from French. December 31, 1981. <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0004/000492/049287Eb.pdf</a>

Complex of Sidi Bu Medyan

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Tlemcen-Sidi-Boumediene-3

Mihrab of the mosque, decorated with carved stucco in calligraphic and floral motifs

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Plan of 'Ubbâd showing layout of the Sidi Boumediène complex

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Tlemcen Ubbad plan

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Tlemcen-Friday-Mosque

The original mosque on the site was Almoravid, constructed by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2627" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Yusuf ibn Tashfin</a> (r. 1061-1106/453-499 AH), but substantially rebuilt&nbsp;in 1136/530 AH&nbsp;by his son <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2617" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">'Ali Ibn Yusuf</a> (r. 1106-1143/500-537 AH). The minaret and dome were added ca. 1236 by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2802" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Yaghmorasan Ibn Zyan</a> (r. ca.1235-1283/632-683 AH).&nbsp;&nbsp;

Jami' al-Kabir (Tlemcen)

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Tlemcen Mansurah 3

The fortified city of Al-Mahala al-Mansura, the Victorious Camp, was established by the Marinid Emir Abu Yusuf Yaqub just outside of Tlemcen in 1299 as headquarters for his seige on that city in which the 'Abd al-Wadid (or Zayyanid) Dynasty still maintained control. Abu Yaqub immediately began work on a palace alongside a Congregational Mosque.&nbsp; The city had already become a thriving urban center in its own right.&nbsp; As early as 1302/702 AH Ibn Khaldun commented on the hammams, caravanserais, and hospital of the city.&nbsp; He also commented on the extraordinary height of the minaret on the Great Mosque.(1) This was all contained inside walls 1.5 m thick and 12 m high and punctuated with 80 towers, the ruins of which are still visible.&nbsp; Mansura became know an Tlemcen al-Jadid.&nbsp; The siege lasted 8 years, and Tlemcen was greatly stuggling with hunger and disease when the siege was 
brought to an end by the assassination of Abu Yaqub on the 13th of May 1307/11 Dhu al Qa'dah 706. Some time later, Mansura was largely abandoned by the Marinids for a brief period, and the city partially destroyed.&nbsp; Yet by 1335/735 AH Mansura was being rebuilt and was once again the headquarters for a Marinid seige of Tlemcen by Abu al Hasan, this time with success.&nbsp; Mansura then became the seat of government for the dynasty. The fall of the Marinid Dynasty brought about the fall of the city, but the ruins attest to the significance of the city in the architectural history of the region.&nbsp; <blockquote>Today the rampart of terre pisée flanked by square towers is still 
comparatively intact, but the interior is land under cultivation. There 
still exists, however, the ruins of a palace, no longer distinct, a 
section of a paved street, and probably the surrounding wall in terre 
pisée of the mosque with half of the great stone minaret which rose 
above the principal entrance. Although the inlaid ceramic work has 
almost entirely disappeared, the façade of the square tower, which is 
120 feet high, is one of the finest pieces of Mag̲h̲ribī art of the 
8th/14th century that survives. The columns and the capitals in marble 
of the mosque are preserved in the Museums of Tlemcen and Algiers.(1) </blockquote>NOTES: (1) Macias, G., and M. Shatzmiller. "Al-Mansura." 
SOURCES: <div class="hang">
 Lafer, Ali, and Maria Vlotides. "Discover 
Islamic Art – Virtual Museum." Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum. 
2014. Accessed August 26, 2014. <a data-bypass="true" target="_blank" href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;6;en">http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;6;en</a>. </div>
 <div class="hang">
 Marçais, William, and Georges Marçais. "El-Mansourah." In Les Monuments Arabes De Tlemcen, 192-222. Paris: Albert Fontenmoing, 1903. Macias, G., and M. Shatzmiller. "Al-Mansura." Encyclopaedia of Islam,
 Second Edition. 2012. Accessed August 26, 2014. <a data-bypass="true" target="_blank" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-mans-u-ra-SIM_4944?s.num=1&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&amp;s.q=al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABra">http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-mans-u-ra-SIM_4944?s.num=1&amp;s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&amp;s.q=al-Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABra</a>. </div>
 <div class="hang">
 Ministère de l’information et de la culture avec la collaboration de M. Bourouiba, M. Dokali. Les Mosquées En Algérie, 2nd, 26-33. Alger, Algeria: Ministère de l’information et de la culture, SNED, 1974. </div>
 <div class="hang">
 "Mosquée Al-Mansûra." Qantara - Patrimoine 
Méditeranéen. Accessed August 26, 2014. <a data-bypass="true" target="_blank" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=746&amp;lang=fr">http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=746&amp;lang=fr</a>. </div>
 
 Parker, Richard B. A Practical Guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco, 159-161. Charlottesville, VA: Baraka Press, 1981. &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

Mansura

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