Arben N. Arapi

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architectural drawing

IMG14051

Türkiye

<div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Rüstem Pa<span style="text-align: start;">ş</span>a Camii is located above the Hasırcılar Çarşısı,&nbsp;the Weavers' Market, in the Eminönü district, in the Tahtakale neighborhood of Istanbul.&nbsp; As indicated by a four-line inscription, the mosque was commissioned by the Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasa, son-in-law of Süleyman the Magnificent, and was built by Mimar Sinan in 1561. However, archival documents make clear that the site was still being cleared in the fall of 1562/970 AH, so it is unlikely that construction was finished until 1563/970-971 AH.<span style="vertical-align: super; font-size: 10px;">1&nbsp;</span>The mosque constitutes the third in a series of edifices designed by Sinan at the request of the Grand Vizier, following the Rüstem Pasa Madrasa and the Rüstem Pasa Mosque in Tekirda<span style="text-align: left;">ğ</span>.</div><div><br></div><span style="font-style: italic;">Site layout</span>:<div><br><div style="text-align: justify;">The mosque is located in the low-lying neighborhood below the Süleymaniye at the center of a bustling market near the banks of the Golden Horn. Before the conquest of Istanbul, a Byzantine church stood on the site, which Haci Halil Ağa converted to a mosque in the fifteenth/ninth century AH. The mosque is elevated above its dense surroundings as it sits on a vaulted substructure that housed warehouses, fitting for the mercantile surroundings of the neighborhood. To the west of the mosque is a cemetery, and a square was later added behind its qibla wall.&nbsp;</div><div><div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-style: italic;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-style: italic;">The mosque</span>:</div><div style="text-align: justify; "><br></div><div style="text-align: justify; ">The Rüstem Pa<span style="text-align: start;">ş</span>a Mosque is a two story building. The ground floor is occupied by a vaulted warehouse while the second floor is occupied by the mosque, consisting of a rectangular domed prayer hall fronted by a double portico. The first story of the main facade (northwestern) is occupied by an arcade of nine broad pointed arches giving access to the warehouse. Flanking this arcade are two towers housing staircases that give access to the second story. Surmounting the nine-arched arcade on the ground floor is a parapet consisting of thirteen smaller arches.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify; "><br></div><div style="text-align: justify; ">Ascending the stairs, one enters the second story on the open-air porch, which overlooks the street below through the arcaded parapet. Behind this is the U-shaped outer section of the portico, covered by sloping roof. Beyond this is the inner part of the portico, which consists of five domed bays fronting the prayer hall of the mosque.</div><div style="text-align: justify; "><br></div><div style="text-align: justify; ">The main entrance to the prayer hall is located under the central domed bay of the five-bayed inner portico. The prayer hall is covered by a central dome flanked by double-height wings, which are cloister-vaulted on the northeast and barrel-vaulted on the southwest. The dimensions of the prayer hall are approximately 26.8 by 19.6 meters, with the qibla wall along the longer side. The central dome, with a diameter of 15.2 meters and a height of approximately 22.8 meters, is raised on a cylindrical drum on an octagonal base. This base is supported by eight octagonal pillars placed on the corners of the octagon; four of them partially buried inside the walls, and four of them are free-standing, tied by semi-circular arches. Squinches intervene between the cylindrical drum and the octagonal base, transferring the load to the pillars through muqarnas pendentives. Four semi-domes are placed on the diagonals of the prayer hall. The mihrab is covered with a muqarnas semi-dome. The base of the minaret is embedded in the western corner of the prayer hall. The interior is lit by twenty-four apertures on the drum of the central dome, along with two series of rectangular openings on the walls of the first and second floor and the grille-covered openings located within the tympanums of the main arches</div><div style="text-align: justify; "><br></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The interior of the mosque, and a part of the exterior northwestern elevation of the prayer hall, are clad with colored Iznik tile panels decorated with floral arabesques. Red and white stones form the arches supporting the central dome and the slightly pointed arch that crowns the wooden doorway of the main entrance. The roofs of the side wings are decorated with wooden colored reliefs organized into geometric patterns. Floral frescoes decorate the center of each dome, while Thuluth inscription plaques are placed above the doorways, and medallions with Arabic inscriptions are situated between the arches of the external portico and on the squinches.<br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>On the lower level, the nine arches of the northwestern facade lead onto nine vaulted shops. Behind these are two barrel-vaulted stores under the double porticoes.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The mosque was damaged by fire in 1660 and by an earthquake in 1766; in both instances, the damage was immediately repaired. Nineteenth-century Baroque frescoes, layered over the surfaces of the four semi-domes on the sides of the octaglon, were removed during a 1960-1961 restoration organized by the religious foundation. The Rüstem Pasa Mosque was most recently restored between 1964-1969, and now functions as a mosque and monument.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Notes</span>:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ol><li>Necipoğlu, <span style="font-style: italic;">Sinan</span>, 323.</li></ol></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sources</span>:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Beck, Christa and Christiane Forsting. <i>Istanbul: An Architectural Guide</i>, 118-119. London: Ellipsis Limited, 1997.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Burelli, Augusto Romano. <i>La Moschea di Sinan</i>. Venice: CLUVA, 1988.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Egli, Hans G.&nbsp;<i>Sinan: An Interpretation,&nbsp;</i>84-87. Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari, 1997.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gennaro, Paola. <i>Istanbul: l'opera di Sinan</i>, 28-31. Milano: Cittàstudi, 1992.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Goodwin, Godfrey. <i>A History of Ottoman Architecture</i>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1997.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Goodwin, Godfrey. <i>Sinan: Ottoman Architecture and its Values Today,&nbsp;</i>50-51. London: Saqi Books, 1993.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Gunay, Reha. <i>Sinan: The Architect and His Works</i>, 79-82. Istanbul: YEM Yayin (Yapi-Endustri Merkezi Yayinlari), 1998.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kuran, Aptullah. <i>Sinan: The Grand Old Master of Ottoman Architecture,</i>&nbsp;51-52, 138-149. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Turkish Studies, Inc., 1987.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -2em;"><br></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-indent: -2em;">Necipoğlu, Gülru. </span><i style="text-indent: -2em;">The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire</i><span style="text-indent: -2em;">. London: Reaktion Books, 2005.</span></div><div class="csl-bib-body" style="line-height: 1.35; margin-left: 2em; text-indent:-2em;">
  
  <span class="Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The%20Age%20of%20Sinan%3A%20Architectural%20Culture%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.publisher=Reaktion%20Books&amp;rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&amp;rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&amp;rft.au=G%C3%BClru%20Necipo%C4%9Flu&amp;rft.date=2005"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sözen, Metin and Sami Güner (phot.). <i>Sinan: Architect of Ages,&nbsp;</i>182-187. Istanbul: Prepared under the auspires of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 1988.&nbsp;</div></div></div></div>

Rüstem Paşa Camii

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IMG13989

Architectural drawings from Professor Gülru&nbsp;Necipoglu's (Aga Khan Professor, Harvard University) 2005 book entitled<span style="font-style: italic;"> The Age of&nbsp;Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire, 1539-1588 </span>[London: Reaktion Books]. <br><div><br></div><div>To view the drawings, click on the button above.</div>

Architectural Drawings

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IMG11846

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IMG11829

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IMG13988

<div style="text-align: justify;">This complex and its surrounding neighborhood and square, all named after Ottoman sultan Bayezid II, was built between 1500/906 AH and 1505/911 AH on the grounds of the Forum Theodosius (Forum Tauri) in Istanbul. This had been the original site of the Roman capitol. Situated on a hilltop between the Mese (the main route of the historic peninsula) and the former site of the old Ottoman palace (Saray-i Atik), the complex consists of a mosque (<span style="font-style: italic;">cami</span>), madrasa (<span style="font-style: italic;">medrese</span>), soup-kitchen (<span style="font-style: italic;">imaret</span>), Quranic school (<span style="font-style: italic;">mekteb</span>), caravanserai (<span style="font-style: italic;">han</span>), baths (<span style="font-style: italic;">hamam</span>) and two tombs (<span style="font-style: italic;">türbe</span>). The design is often attributed to head-architect Mimar Hayreddin, while some scholars have proposed a major role for lesser-known Yakupsah bin Sultansah. It is the second large Ottoman complex built in Istanbul after Fatih, and the third complex built by Bayezid II (1481-1512) after Amasya and Edirne. It was operated with the income of Pirinç Han in Bursa and a han, bedesten and baths in Salonica.</div><br><div style="text-align: justify;">The buildings of the complex are placed without any apparent order on the large site, with no traces of an outer precinct wall. The soup-kitchen, caravanserai, Quranic School and the tombs are clustered around the mosque to the west, while the madrasa and the baths are separated out, positioned about 120 and 250 meters to the west of the mosque, respectively. The mosque dome was partially rebuilt after the 1509/915 AH earthquake, and Mimar Sinan conducted repairs in 1573-1574/981 AH. The minarets were burnt separately in 1682-1683/1093 AH and 1746/1156 AH and the dome was repaired again in 1754. An inscription above the northeast courtyard entrance suggests that repairs were also conducted in 1767. A restoration is currently under way at the mosque, while the madrasa, baths and Quranic school were restored at different dates to house library and museums.&nbsp;</div><br><div style="text-align: justify;">Although the buildings have remained largely intact, changes in the layout of Beyazit Square throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have transformed their context. Old photographs show that the east end of the square was an informal extension of the market neighborhood beyond the mosque, with tree-shaded cafes around the main courtyard entrance. The old Ottoman Palace to the northwest of the mosque was replaced with the large neo-classical campus of the Ministry of Defense in 1867, with a tree-lined road leading to its monumental gate passing between the mosque and the madrasa. The complex was cut off from the street when Yeniçeriler street was lowered in the mid 1950s, when the square was redesigned as a paved open plaza with multiple levels, and renamed Hürriyet (Liberty) Square.&nbsp;</div><br><span style="font-style: italic;">The mosque<br></span><br><div style="text-align: justify;">The mosque is oriented along the northwest-southeast axis and is preceded by a courtyard to the northwest. Three monumental portals, facing northwest, southeast, and southwest, lead into the square open courtyard, which is enveloped by the domed arcade and the mosque portico. The ablution fountain at the center of the courtyard was renovated with a roof during the rule of Murad IV (1623-1640/1032-1049 AH). The courtyard arcade hosted an open bazaar each year during Ramadan until the 1920s.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The prayer hall is entered through a muqarnas portal from a portico. It is the same size as the mosque courtyard and consists of a domed central space extended with two semi-domes along the qibla axis and side arcades covered with four small domes. The central dome, which measures 16.80 meters in diameter at a height of fourty-four meters, is carried on four colossal piers that are woven into the colonnade separating the side arcades from the main space. A sultan's lodge (<span style="font-style: italic;">hünkar mahfili</span>) occupies the qibla end of the southwest arcade and is accessed primarily from the exterior. There is a muezzin's lodge <span style="font-style: italic;">(müezzin mahfili</span>) adjoining the inner side of the western pier. The space is lit with twenty windows at the base of the dome and seven windows on each semi-dome, in addition to two tiers of windows on the walls.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hospice wings designed to host wondering dervishes, a common feature of early Ottoman mosques, are also seen here adjoining the prayer hall at the end of the courtyard walls. Originally designed as four domed rooms surrounding a domed central hall with separate access from the square, the wings were integrated into the prayer hall sometime during the sixteenth century and now consist of three consecutive rooms separated by archways. A small domed structure was added to the end of the southwest wing in 1767 to house the library of Seyhülislam Haci Veliyüddin Efendi. A cemetery with walls envelops three sides of the mosque, extending from the hospice wings to the main street. The side entrances into the mosque, which are located next to the hospice wings, are accessed through gates along the cemetery walls. Two minarets are attached at the outward ends of the hospice wings; the northeast minaret was rebuilt after an earthquake while the southwest minaret, restored in 1953-54, retains its original terracotta decoration.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The structure of the Bayezid mosque is considered a stepping stone between early Ottoman architecture and classical Ottoman architecture, characterized by a central dome held by semi-domes on all four sides. Although the mosque is constructed entirely of cut stone, colored stones and marbles appropriated from Byzantine ruins were used throughout the exterior and interior to highlight the architecture, such as red porphyry columns marking entrance bays along the courtyard arcade. Muqarnas carvings embellish all capitals and portals, the mihrab niche and minaret balconies. The minbar, the sultan's lodge and the women's section, which is a balcony placed above the prayer hall entrance, exhibit the fine stone latticework of the period and the original wood carvings can be seen on doors and windowpanes.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><span style="font-style: italic;">The tombs of Bayezid II and Selçuk Hatun</span><br><br><div style="text-align: justify;">Selim I (1512-1520/918-926 AH), who succeeded to the throne after Bayezid II, built a tomb for his father behind the qibla wall of his mosque. Entered through an eighteenth century portico to the northwest, the tomb is a domed octagonal chamber illuminated with two tiers of windows. The interior, which houses the solitary sarcophagus of Bayezid II, has neo-baroque decoration from the late Ottoman period. Selçuk Hatun, one of the five daughters of Bayezid II, built her tomb during the construction of the mosque and was buried there upon her death in 1508. It is an identical but smaller structure found immediately to the east of the sultan's tomb. Both tombs are situated inside the walls of the mosque cemetery (hazire) where government officials and their families were buried beginning in the late seventeenth century. A small rectangular tomb in eclectic style was built for Resid Pasa at the southwest corner of the cemetery wall in 1857.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><br></span></div><span style="font-style: italic;">The Quranic school</span><br><br><div style="text-align: justify;">The Quranic school (mekteb) is located in a small precinct adjoining the cemetery to the southeast, at the intersection of Yeniçeriler Road and Çadircilar Street. It is the oldest remaining school of its kind in Istanbul and consists of two domed rooms preceded by a five bay portico with a sloping roof to the northwest. The northeast room, which opens onto the portico with a wide arch, serves as an entrance into the second room. It has been used by the Tarik Us Library since its restoration in the 1960s.</div><br><span style="font-style: italic;">The soup-kitchen and caravanserai</span><br><br><div style="text-align: justify;">The soup-kitchen and caravanserai are contained in a large rectangular structure built about twenty-meters outside of the northeast hospice wing, parallel to the mosque. The soup-kitchen consists of a series of a kitchens, cellars and dining rooms arranged irregularly around a partially arcaded courtyard. The caravanserai, a single room covered with six domes, adjoins the soup-kitchen to the northwest. The soup-kitchen courtyard and the caravanserai have portals facing the mosque to the northeast and are linked with a courtyard door. Abdülhamid II refashioned the entry façade of both institutions in 1883 and made them into a public library. Today, the soup-kitchen/caravanserai compound is occupied by the Bayezid State Library, which moved into the building following its restoration between 1947 and 1955.&nbsp;</div><br><span style="font-style: italic;">The madrasa</span><br><br><div style="text-align: justify;">The Bayezid madrasa has a rectangular plan oriented along the northeast-southwest axis and is entered through a portal facing northeast. It consists of an arcaded open courtyard surrounded by domed rooms on three sides and a large classroom (dersane) on the forth side, which is aligned with the entrance across the courtyard. A roofed octagonal fountain is midway between the classroom and the entrance. Each madrasa cell is equipped with a furnace and shelving niche and has two lower and one upper window each, except for the larger corners cells which have an additional window. The classroom, which is twice as tall as the rooms, was assembled with alternating courses of brick and cut stone, in contrast with the plain stone structure of the rooms. The entrance was originally accessed from an enclosed precourt with a gate, which was demolished in the 1940s. One of the most important educational institutions of the Ottoman city, the madrasa was restored during the early Republican period to house the Municipal Museum, followed by the Municipal Library. Directorate of Religious Foundations  (Vakiflar Genel Müdürlügü) who conducted a second restoration prior to the opening of the Religious Foundations Museum for the Turkish Calligraphic Arts at the Bayezid Madrasa in 1984.</div><br><span style="font-style: italic;">The baths</span><br><br><div style="text-align: justify;">The public baths (hamam) of the Bayezid complex, one of the largest in the city, is located on Yeniçeriler Road, at the corner of Beyazid Külhani Street. It is a double-bath with adjoining men's (east) and women's (west) sections. Both sections consist of a large dressing room, a cold room with two private cells and a hot room with four private cells, which open into each other, and a common furnace (külhan) at the northern end that heats up water drawn from a nearby well. The dressing room of the men's section is entered from the main road while the women's section is entered from the side street. Built at the same time as the mosque, the baths were donated to the religious foundation of Gülbahar Hatun, the wife of Bayezid II. A renovation was conducted following a fire 1714. The Bayezid baths are also known for masseur Patrona Halil, who is mistakenly thought to have been working there before he led the 1730 uprising that deposed of Ahmed III (1703-1730). Abandoned for many years during the Republican era, the baths were restored in the 1960s to house the central library of Istanbul University.&nbsp;</div> <br><br><span style="font-style: italic;">Sources</span>:<br><br>"Türk Vakif Hat Sanatlari Müzesi." Directorate of Religious Foundations Website. <a href="http://www.vgm.gov.tr/kutuphane/muze_hatsanat.cfm" target="_blank">http://www.vgm.gov.tr/kutuphane/muze_hatsanat.cfm</a>. [Accessed February 14, 2007]<br><br>Aslanapa, Oktay.  <i>Osmanli Devri Mimarisi</i>, 134-141.&nbsp;Istanbul: Inkilap Kitabevi, 1986.&nbsp;<br><br><i>Dunden bugune Istanbul ansiklopedisi,&nbsp;</i>87-95.&nbsp;Ankara: Kultur Bakanligi; Istanbul: Tarih Vakfi, 1993-1995.<br><br>Goodwin, Godfrey. <i>A History of Ottoman Architecture</i>, 168-174.&nbsp;London: Thames and Hudson, 1997.&nbsp;<br><br>Öz, Tahsin. <i>Istanbul camileri / Tahsin Öz</i>. n.p.: Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1987-.<div><br></div><div><span style="font-style: italic;">Istanbul Camileri,&nbsp;</span>33-34. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi: Ankara I, 1987.&nbsp;</div><div><span style="font-style: italic;"></span><br>Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang<span style="font-style: italic;">.  Istanbul'un tarihsel topografyasi: 17. yüzyil baslarina kadar Byzantion-Konstantinopolis-Istanbul</span>,&nbsp;492-494.<span style="font-style: italic;">&nbsp;</span>Translated by Ülker Sayin<span style="font-style: italic;">.</span> Istanbul: Yapi Kredi Yayinlari, 2001.</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-style: italic;">Record updates</span></div><div><span style="font-style: italic;"><br></span></div><div><ul><li>March 3, 2019 (AKDC Staff): added images.</li></ul></div>

II. Bayezid Külliyesi (Istanbul)

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IMG13993

Bostancı'başı İskender Paşa Camii

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IMG14007

Hacı Evhad Cami

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IMG14020

Kapı Ağası Mahmut Ağa Camii

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IMG14046

Greece

Osman Shah Camii

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IMG14047

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