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The Mughals were an Indian Islamic dynasty that ruled most of northern India (including the area of present-day Pakistan) from the beginning of the sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth century. As patrons of architecture, the Mughals commissioned some of the finest buildings known to the world. This exhibition of late 19th-century black &amp; white photography taken by various photographers shows well-known monuments in Delhi, Agra, and Lucknow in a very different context&nbsp;and was curated especially for Archnet. The collection is made available through the generosity of an individual who collected these images through auction and private sale.&nbsp;

Faith and Places: Mughal Architecture in India

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digital graphic

IAA708608

The Mughals were an Indian Islamic dynasty which ruled most of northern India (including the area of present-day Pakistan) from the beginning of the sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth century. As patrons of architecture the Mughals commissioned some of the finest buildings known to the world. This exhibition of late 19th century black &amp; white photography taken by various photographers shows well-known monuments in Delhi in a very different context&nbsp;and was curated especially for Archnet. The collection is made available through the generosity of an individual who collected these images through auction and private sale.&nbsp; To learn more about Mughal architecture, please visit <a href="https://next.archnet.org/collections/2349" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Mughal {1526-1858}</a>

Mughal Delhi

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IAA706320

A primary focus of Archnet is the development of the urban environment in Muslim societies. Archnet’s new place authorities are records for cities, towns, and other settled areas that link the sites located in that area.&nbsp;Depending on when the record was created or last updated, it may include variant and alternate place names, including ones no longer in use, in languages other than English, including those in non-Western alphabets, and variant spellings. Eventually, this will be the case with all city records. The most developed records in this collection also provide a brief description of the city and its significance, as well as a history of its development. From these records, you can navigate to sites in the city, publications, maps, and video relating to the city or specific neighborhoods thereof, aerial, general, and distant views, urban planning graphics relating to infrastructure, topography, and characteristics of the residents, and even street views or portraits known to be of the city or is residents, but for which we do not have an exact location. We hope you find these records useful. Users interested in the topic of urban history may wish to consult the collection of the <a href="http://archnet.org/collections/historic_cities" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme</a>, or to explore the results of keywords such as <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJjaXRpZXMiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJjaXRpZXMiXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzEwMH0.JJHPyQckiM0KURTJqZWXF5-GSpS6sUE6Xa8bLIzJVU8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">cities,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJjaXRpZXMiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJjaXR5IGFuZCByZWdpb25hbCBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTEzMTM2fQ.Q1z03tZmTEFvihTpojsCebGu7wjYrcOgorreQfRjKDQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">city and regional development</a>, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJjaXRpZXMiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiBkZXNpZ24iXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzIyMn0.ozXSEhZe74cE3sJ6z8wSO8ZY9j04ttRK_oSoDzpG558" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban design</a>, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJjaXRpZXMiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTEzMjczfQ.aoqIJCVEIUz7aKd63IDX6VCNd6yXPDRPb-uHZ22VLXc" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban development</a>, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbmlzbSIsInJlZmluZW1lbnRMaXN0Ijp7ImtleXdvcmRzIjoiIn0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzMzM30.cA5r5rUd6eCx2V_HLoimgAvuLdJTS6rncVZ4hfKE3EI" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urbanism</a>, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiIiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiBwbGFubmluZyJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTEzNDE0fQ.l7zBf7mVWNWIKytF3Vs3WrLR-rcoi4QfWov7DINmd4I" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban planning</a>, or <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzQ4M30.Bg6VrH3hbuHHnVbr5nIxFyoInER16qtlKvgHQFvX9Yo" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban regeneration</a>. In addition, there are site records for <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IiIsImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJjb21tdW5pdHkgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQiXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzYzOH0.LuQAv0nhyzzBVAcz-diTJL0tqxpiLcAxWOJV665S_UE" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">community development,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IiIsImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiB1cGdyYWRpbmciXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzg1OX0.SyW_uYoCDTpPCIV8GDWnFvTysAQ3GJg7hk3ZckfxofY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban upgrading,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IiIsImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJhcmVhIGNvbnNlcnZhdGlvbiJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTEzOTE3fQ.lA8j1vDRE1HIaI5DblbO5MTtV65EtUC9iAgcexANEXQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">area conservation,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJtYXN0ZXIgcGxhbiIsInJlZmluZW1lbnRMaXN0Ijp7ImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJuZXcgdG93biBwbGFubmluZyJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTE0MDM3fQ.0hUrzEW8Ub3EagAbJQDTFDKCWDutw3xFCDt8uF9qe0o" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">infrastructure upgrading,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJtYXN0ZXIgcGxhbiIsInJlZmluZW1lbnRMaXN0Ijp7ImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJuZXcgdG93biBwbGFubmluZyJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTE0MDM3fQ.0hUrzEW8Ub3EagAbJQDTFDKCWDutw3xFCDt8uF9qe0o" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">new town planning</a> and other types of projects. This collection will continue to develop over time, so check back regularly.&nbsp;We also welcome contributions, including corrections and additions. Please use the 'Feedback' button at the lower right or <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">contact us.</a>

Cities and Towns

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collage (digital photographs)

Collage maker project - July 31, 2026 at 11.40.21.png

 Delhi

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IAA707915

The Batashewala Complex, abutting Humayun’s Tomb Complex stands within the World Heritage Site buffer zone. The complex comprises Bara Batashewala Mahal; Chota Batashewala Mahal; an enclosure wall; and, an unknown Mughal tomb all constructed in the late 16th – early 17th century. These buildings comprise a unique Mughal era Islamic funerary complex unlike any other in India. As with the abutting Humayun’s Tomb World Heritage Site, which stands within a walled garden enclosure, the structures known as Bara Batashewala and Chota Batashewala Mahals were actually tombs located within an arcaded stone masonry enclosure wall (over 1'000m long). The domed Mughal era tomb, (referred to as the unknown tomb) standing at the eastern end of the complex, stood on an elevated ‘fort-like’ platform, only fragments of which are now visible. Since I950’s the Batashewala Complex has been in the ownership of Bharat Scouts for use as a campground. After over a decade of persistent requests by conservation groups, the ownership was transferred by the Government of India to the Archaeological Survey of India in 2010 thus now allowing the possibility of conservation of the monuments that stand within the complex as a whole and in an integrated manner with other monuments that sit in adjacent complexes. <ul><li>Bara Batashewala Mahal&nbsp;is a 30 m square structure, with five half-domed openings in each one of its four sides, those on the west now collapsed and those on the south inappropriately repaired in the 20th century and now, in order to halt the process of deterioration, requiring partial dismantling prior to repairs.&nbsp;</li></ul> <ul><li>Chota Batashewala Mahal&nbsp;was originally a domed octagonal tomb, profusely ornamented but has largely collapsed in the second half of the 20th century. Archival pictures, from the 1960’s, and drawings together with a study of the standing portions of the building provide enough evidence of the original to carry out an informed conservation project aimed at enhancing the historical significance of the site and the understanding of the building for visitors.</li></ul> <ul><li>The Mughal Tomb&nbsp;standing at the eastern edge of the Batashewala complex, stood on an elevated stone masonry plinth, giving it a fort like appearance. The plinth, mostly covered with vegetation and partially collapsed, is 100 m long and 60m wide. The planned rebuilding of missing portions and conserving standing portions of the plinth would significantly halt further deterioration and enhance the historic character.</li></ul> <ul><li>The Enclosure Wall&nbsp;of the Batashewala Complex is similar in style to the garden enclosure wall of the Humayun’s Tomb World Heritage Site and separated only by a narrow street. The profile of the street itself has not changed much in 400 years when it was used by the Mughals to access the river Yamuna. Portions of the wall have collapsed, are covered with vegetation and will need to be recovered and completed on the basis of recently discovered standing portions.</li></ul> Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Batashewala Complex Conservation

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digital photograph

The ancient Muslim neighborhood of Nizam ud Din, near Humayun's tomb in eastern Delhi, grew around the tomb and shrine (dargah) of the saint, Shaikh Nizam-ud-din (1236-1325). The tomb sits in a walled enclosure at the center of the neighborhood accessed only by small alleys and passages. The tomb, an important destination for pilgrims to this day, has been rebuilt many times. The present structure is based on the edifice built during the reign of Akbar, in 1562, but it has been renovated and embellished repeatedly. The tomb stands close to other buildings, and sits on the courtyard of a large mosque. The enclusure also contains smaller tombs dedicated to Jahanara, the daughter of Shah Jahan, and to Amir Khusrau, the poet and thinker who was a disciple of Nizam ud Din. The tomb is square in plan, with marble screens (jalis) supported by carved pillars. Source: Tillotson, G.H.R. 1990. Mughal India, San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 49. Asher, Catherine. 1992. The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press, 34-35, 41-42.

Nizam-ud-Din Auliya Shrine Complex

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Considered holy and used by millions of pilgrims, the baoli (step-well) at Nizamuddin was built in 1321-22. It is the only step-well in Delhi still fed by underwater springs, albeit heavily polluted by sewerage and garbage. A portion of the baoli wall collapsed in July 2008, endangering both residents and pilgrims, and necessitating urgent remedial measures. Pre-conservation assessment of the baoli was based on ground penetrating radar survey, high definition 3D laser scans, geotechnical and structural assessments. The Ground Penetrating Radar Survey (GPRS) allowed structural engineers to evaluate the underlying soil condition and plan conservation accordingly. The baoli was partially drained and cleared of rubbish to its foundation (80 ft below ground level) and a 3-5cm thick epoxy coating (applied by the Delhi Jal Nigam in 2002) chiselled off manually. The entire wall surface was grouted and re-pointed with lime mortar to fill the underlying voids identified in the GPRS report. The conservation work provided an opportunity to de-silt the baoli of debris accumulated over hundreds of years. The de-silting work was done manually with a few inches of water retained in respect of community sentiments. Water quality test of the baoli revealed high levels of E-coli indicative of sewage contamination. Happily, after the re-laying of over 100m of sewer lines as part of the conservation initiative, the water quality was found to be greatly improved with drastic reduction in E-coli levels. Waste water from the wuzu area which earlier drained into the baoli has since been re-routed. Collapsed portions of the baoli were rebuilt as per original construction techniques while severely buckled wall surfaces were partially dismantled before being rebuilt. Ashlar facing stones which had fallen into the baoli were retrieved and reused after being manually lifted from the sludge. The discovery of a blocked passage connecting the baoli to the mosque believed to have been used by the Hazrat Nizamuddin was the cause of much celebration. At present, conservation works at the baoli is ongoing with specific attention paid to the structural stability of the surrounding structures and to the safety of the 14th c. vaulted passage used by pilgrims. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Nizamuddin Baoli

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architectural drawing

IMG41908

Located in the heart of New Delhi, adjacent to Humayun’s Tomb complex and Sunder Nursery, Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti is named after the revered saint Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, who lived here in the early fourteenth century. A settlement developed at this location during the saint’s lifetime and it has been continuously inhabited. Following the successful restoration of Humayun’s Tomb Garden in 2004, the urban renewal project commenced with the signature of a public-private partnership ‘Memorandum of Understanding’ on 11 July 2007. The non-profit partnership includes the Archaeological Survey of India, the Central Public Works Department, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), the Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC). A synergistic, community centred and collaborative approach has been adopted to improve the quality of life for residents through a series of multi-input projects that aims to improve the urban environment, conserve monuments, develop public parks, strengthen basic services through interventions in the three core areas of health, education and environmental sanitation and engage community participation through a regular series of cultural activities and performances. In so doing, the project seeks to integrate conservation, socio-economic development and urban and environmental development objectives in consultation with local communities and relevant stakeholders. All programmes commenced following a quality of life assessment study. In 2009 a physical mapping/survey of the Basti was undertaken to document the area with the intention of planning sensitive urban improvements. The survey has led to the preparation of street improvement plans which will be implemented by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Small public parks are being planned along the western edge of the Basti in areas that are deteriorating and are no longer safe and clean. These spaces will be landscaped to fulfil the needs expressed by the resident community. These parks will bring much needed community space and nodes of civic life back to the area and improve pedestrian circulation through the Basti, and there will be parks earmarked for women, children, cricket, community functions and weddings. The conservation of monuments and the rehabilitation of open spaces in the Basti aim to restore their intrinsic cultural, historical and spiritual significance. Using state-of-the-art technology, including ground-penetrating radar survey, high-definition 3D laser scanning and geotechnical assessments, conservation started on the fourteenth-century Baoli (step-well). At the eastern edge of the Basti stand two important tombs: the Chaunsath Khamba, a Mughal tomb, and the tomb of Mirza Ghalib, South Asia’s most renowned poet. Together, they form one of the largest open spaces in the Basti. Landscape works at both tombs have enhanced the historic character, restored dignity to these monuments and provided much needed community gathering spaces in this dense setting. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Nizamuddin Basti Area Development

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This early Mughal tomb, together with Sunder Burj, originally stood within an enclosure measuring 740’ by 610’ and was entered through a lofty gateway. By the 1920’s the enclosing walls had mostly disappeared but the gateway still stood – no trace of this survives now. In a good state of preservation until the 1960’s, the tomb, rubble built, was designed to be rectangular in plan, with the corners cut off, with a vaulted underground chamber in the centre. Around this chamber is a verandah which had five arches on each of its four sides. On the south where there is an entrance to the vaulted chamber, are two staircases leading up to the roof. The centre of the latter is occupied by a dais some 10 m square, which could have originally held a cenotaph. Four of the northern arches now remain while severe and rapid deterioration on the other sides has resulted in the partial or complete loss of several of the arches – consolidation with cement mortar has not arrested the decay as the arches were structural elements. The monument requires partial reconstruction to restore the original plan, square with chamfered edges, and also to halt any further decay resulting from the loss of structural fabric. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Sunderwala Mahal

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The mosque was built during the reign of Awrangzib (r. 1657-1701), by his second daughter Zinat al-Nisa. It stands in Shahjahanabad, south of the Red Fort and overlooking the river Jumna. It is built on a high plinth, and is distinguished by its red and white sriped domes, which rest on constricted drums. The façade is made up of cusped entrance arches on slender piers. Sources: Hambly, Gavin, 1970. Cités de L'Inde Moghole Editions Albin Michel Paris. Asher, Catherine. 1992. The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press, 266-7.

Zeenat-ul Mosque

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A landmark Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) project in New Delhi, India, the Urban Renewal Initiative is making enormous strides in revitalizing and unifying the three historical sites of Humayun’s Tomb, Nizamuddin Basti and Sunder Nursery into one unique heritage precinct.&nbsp;Powered by a non-profit public-private partnership between various agencies, the project is the first of its kind to combine conservation with environmental and socio-economic development while working with local communities and stakeholders.&nbsp;This initiative brings together world-class professional capabilities in all relevant areas and combines a visionary approach with local contexts and complexities. It is establishing an archetype for participatory conservation-led development of historic cities&nbsp;This initiative brings together world-class professional capabilities in all relevant areas and combines a visionary approach with local contexts and complexities. It is establishing an archetype for participatory conservation-led development of historic cities. Located in heart of New Delhi, the Nizamuddin heritage precinct comprises the areas of Hazrat Nizamuddin&nbsp;Basti, Sunder Nursery and the World Heritage Site of Humayun’s Tomb.&nbsp;Following the successfully restoration of the&nbsp;Humayun’s Tomb Garden in 2004, the Urban Renewal project commenced with the signature of a Public-Private Partnership memorandum of understanding on 11 July 2007. The non-profit partnership includes the Archaeological Survey of India, the Central Public Works Department, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, the&nbsp;Aga Khan Foundation&nbsp;and the&nbsp;Aga Khan Trust for Culture. The project will unify the three zones into an urban conservation area of considerable breadth and cultural significance while improving the quality of life for resident population. The project integrates conservation, socioeconomic development and urban and environmental development objectives in consultation with local communities and relevant stakeholders.&nbsp;Since its inception, the project has attracted additional partners and received co-funding from the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, Ford Foundation, World Monuments Fund, Sir Ratan Tata Trust, the Embassy of the United States, J.M. Kaplan Fund, amongst others. The project features three main components: Heritage Conservation:&nbsp;Conservation works now being undertaken on the mausoleum of the Mughal emperor Humayun, and associated buildings are based on exhaustive archival research and the highest standards of documentation. The plan is being implemented by master craftsmen using traditional tools, craft techniques and building materials. Sunder Nursery, the 90-acre site stands on the Mughal-era Grand Trunk Road and is home to several monuments of national importance which are under restoration. A public park is being designed around the monuments. In Nizamuddin Basti,&nbsp;the conservation of monuments and the rehabilitation of open spaces iaim to restore its intrinsic cultural, historical and spiritual significance.&nbsp;To date, 5 public open spaces and two significant monuments have been restored. Socioeconomic Initiatives:&nbsp;The project combines conservation with a major socioeconomic development effort that is implemented through a community-centred, collaborative approach.&nbsp;The objective is to improve environmental conditions and strengthen essential urban services with interventions in core areas of education, health and sanitation. All programmes commenced following a quality of life assessment study. These initiatives include education, health and urban improvements and cultural revival activities.&nbsp; Environmental Development:&nbsp;The project aims to enhance and showcase the ecological and built heritage of the 90-acre Sunder Nursery. A nursery was originally established here in the 1912 when the imperial Delhi complex was being planned for propagating and testing tree species from across India and overseas. An important aim for the development would be to creatively combine monuments, forest and nursery functions within one interactive experience. The landscape master plan aims to create a major landscape space of truly urban scale, deriving inspiration from the traditional Indian concept of congruency between nature, garden and utility coupled with environmental conservation.&nbsp;The nursery will also provide a major new green space for public recreation.

Nizamuddin Urban Renewal Initiative

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Chausath Khamba is a 16th century tomb of Mirza Aziz Kokaltash built during the Akbari era and is unique in both architectural design and ornamentation. The white marble structure is called Chaunsath Khambha because of the 64 columns which support the roof of the hall. It stands within the largest open space within Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti and is entered through an impressive gateway located on the north-eastern end of the complex. The monument was enclosed within a rubble masonry wall in the 1960s to protect it from vandalism and encroachment. This wall segregated the monument from its forecourt, which was an integral element of the original design. Following the conservation works undertaken in 2010, this wall has now been demolished and replaced with a protective metal fence that allows visibility of the monument. The large forecourt has been paved, in a formal design, reflective of the Mughal style. This required the existing paving to be removed, though portions of the stonework could eventually be re-used in the new design. The area comprising of Chausath Khamba, Urs Mahal courtyard and Mirza Ghalib Tomb, now form the largest open space in Nizamuddin Basti. The three presently segregated sites have been integrated by the landscape design thereby enhancing the cultural significance of the place and allow appropriate community usage - like the Sufi Qawaali music festival, Jashn-e-Khusrau, hosted by AKTC in 2010. The landscape works have significantly enhanced the historical character of this space and rehabilitated it as a potential venue for community events and Qawwali performances. To support the conservation and restoration of Chausath Khamba, Germany signed an agreement with the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) on 13th April 2011. Chausath Khamba has suffered severe decay due to excessive water seepage and inappropriate repairs works in the 20th century. The water seepage has resulted in the iron clamps rusting leading to their expansion and resulting in damage to the marble. Also, in the 20th century, layers of concrete have been added to the roof in an inappropriate attempt to prevent water seepage into the building below, these layers will need to be carefully manually removed to restore the original roof levels and reduce the enormous extra dead-load on the building and ensure quick water drainage from the outlets on the roof that have been partially blocked as a result of the extra concrete. Conservation of the tomb will be coupled with facade and housing improvement of the surrounding residences. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Chausath Khamba Conservation

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1959-62 Survey Called the Bā'olī of Qadam Sharīf. Located approximately 600 m north-northwest of New Delhi Railway Station, inside the Qadam Sharīf complex, located about 200 m west of Quṯb Road. Grid ref. H-6ASI describes a bā'olī (step-well) that was previously located here, with a well and two levels of underground rooms. In the entrances of nearby residences, there are still a few stones that can be seen to form an arc; these stones may have formed part of the outer rim of the well. The other parts have probably become buried in the earth. Period II (?)IOC: II-16; ASI: II-354 カダム・シャリーフのバーオリーとよぶ。ニューデリー鉄道駅の北北西約600メートル,クトゥブ・ロードの西約200メートルのカダム・シャリーフの城壁内にある。附図.H-6かつて、この場所に,井戸と二層の地下室とをもつバーオリーがあったことを,ASIは記しているが,現在,附近の家屋の入口に,円弧をなす数個の石が認められる。おそらくは,これが井戸の外縁の一部をなすものであったと思われる。他の部分は,土中に埋もれてしまったのであろう。第Ⅱ期(?)。東研.Ⅱ-16;ASI.Ⅱ-354 2015-18 Survey This is located in an extremely crowded area and could not be found. The photos in Delhi only show the stone parts. 現在は、非常に立て込んでおり、所在を確認することはできなかった。『デリー』に記載される写真も石の部分だけである。Monuments of Delhiによれば、切石積みで、階段は東から西へ向かい、西面は2層、各層に3アーチの部屋が2つずつあった。上階の部屋は3.7m四方、下階は4.2mかける3.7mであった。井戸の内幅は、2.7mかける2.3mであった。おそらく、井戸は西端に位置した。 (Paragraph 2nd from the 2015-18 Survey is translated using Google Translate) According to Monuments of Delhi, it was made of cut stone, with a staircase running from east to west, and the west side had two floors, each with two three-arched rooms. The upper floor room was 3.7m square, and the lower floor was 4.2m x 3.7m. The inside width of the well was 2.7m x 2.3m. The well was probably located at the western end.&nbsp;Map Reference: Grid ref. H-6IOC Reference: W34, II-16ASI Reference: II-354Archived IOC Site Record: <a href="https://perma.cc/H3MA-CCMK" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/H3MA-CCMK</a>&nbsp; Mission Credit Line: Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60, 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Centre for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo, in 2015-18.

Bauli at Qadam Sharif (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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The Isa Khan Enclosure stand at the western end of the Humayun’s Tomb complex, almost at the centre of the Humayun’s Tomb – Sunder Nursery – Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti Project area. Built almost five centuries ago, Isa Khan Tomb enclosure has high historical significance due to its associational value. Isa Khan Niyazi was a noble of influence at the court of Sher Shah Sur, on the death of whom, he took service with the younger son Islam Shah, and it was largely due to Isa Khan that Islam Shah succeeded in holding the throne of Delhi against his elder brother Adil Khan. In the local context, Isa Khan Niyazi’s tomb is the culmination of the architectural style that commenced with the building of the earliest known Islamic octagonal tomb of Khani Jahan Khan Tilangani, that stands in the Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti and the tombs of Sayyid and Lodi dynasty Royals, Mubarak Shah Sayyid (AD 1433), Muhammad Shah Sayyid (1446) and Sikander Lodi (1517). Conservation Works Millions of visitors who visit Humayun’s Tomb complex each year enter the complex at the Isa Khan – Bu Halima complex. But most, however, remain unaware of the historical, architectural significance of this zone as some of the key buildings such as the gateway to Isa Khan’s Tomb enclosure and the Bu Halima’s tomb stand in a ruinous condition and large areas of concrete paving distract from the historical character of this zone. An exhaustive condition assessment, measured drawing, archival research and detailed on-site discussions with experts in 2010 have led to the preparation of a Conservation plan for this significant entrance zone to the World Heritage Site. Conservation works, being undertaken with support from the World Monuments Fund, include restoring the 16th century landscape, which have commenced with the manual removal of thousands of truckloads of earth to restore this earliest known ‘sunken garden’. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Isa Khan Tomb Restoration

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

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