Algeria

Alternate

Variant

Cl. et Edit. A. Titi 

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postcard

Mélika 

Great Mosque of Melika

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black-and-white print

[71_phot_du_Sahara_algérien_[...]_btv1b77021276_24.jpeg

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digital photograph

Ksar_Melika.png

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M'zab, Ghardaia

<div><div>The M'zab valley is located in the middle of the northern part of the Algerian Sahara, in a secluded area with defensive features. The site began to be urbanized at the beginning of the 11th century and consists of five ksour (sing., ksar; fortified settlements), namely: Al-Atteuf (meaning the detour) established in 1011, Bou Noura (the luminous) in 1046, Ghardaïa (inter-mountainous area) which is the main city and established in 1053, Beni Isguen (the middle people) in 1124, and Melika (the royal) in 1347.</div><div><br></div><div>This group of five small cities (pentapolis) is commonly cited as an example of original architecture and urbanism, adapted to semi-desert conditions, but above all based on religious, social and moral principles. Indeed, clear planning principles appear in these five ksour. First, they are all built on a rocky spurs, invulnerable to erosion. Second, they are all picturesquely situated on a side of a hill, crowned by a great mosque with a pyramid-shaped minaret. Also, unlike the classical pattern of Islamic cities, they all have souks which are far from the great mosque, and near the gates of the cities to control access to the ksour. In fact, until now, no foreigner is allowed to circulate in the city without a guide.</div><div><br></div><div>There are many cemeteries in the M'zab valley, because each fraction buries its dead in a place of its own. The tombs are anonymous and have no inscriptions. Only broken pieces of pottery allow families to distinguish the graves from each other. In addition, each cemetery has a prayer hall or area, to perform funeral prayers (Salat al-Janaza).</div><div><br></div><div>The palm groves of the M’zab were artificially set up by local inhabitants with palm trees that were brought from surrounding areas. That of Beni Isguen is defended upstream by a masonry dam reducing the violence of floods which are most certainly rare, but very violent when they occur.</div><div><br></div><div>In December 1982, the pentapolis of M’zab was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Since then, the proliferation of uncontrolled constructions and transformations led to the degradation of the ksour. As a regulatory measure, the Algerian government issued a decree on June 4, 2005, establishing a boundary for safeguarded area. In 2007, a safeguarding and enhancement plan was initiated by the Ministry of Culture and the Wilaya (province) of Ghardaïa.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>--<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/7041" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">Amine Kasmi</a>, 2018<br></div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-weight: bold;">SOURCES:</span></div></div><div><br></div><div><div>Cataldi, Giancarlo, Rasid Abdelhamid, and Fabio Selva. “The Town of Ghardaïa in M'zab, Algeria: Between Tradition and Modernity”, <span style="font-style: italic;">Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review</span> 7 (2) (1996).</div><div><br></div><div>Delaval, Bernard. “Urban communities of the Algerian Sahara,” <span style="font-style: italic;">Ekistics </span>38 (227) (1974).</div><div><br></div><div>Hadj Nacer, Brahim. “Les espaces religieux au M’zab.” In<span style="font-style: italic;"> Espaces maghrébins: Pratiques et enjeux</span>, Proceedings of the colloquium held in Taghit, 23-26 November 1987. Algiers: ENAG, 1989.</div><div><br></div><div>Safeguarding and development of the M'Zab Valley and its five fortified ksour (El Atteuf, Bou Noura, Beni Isguen, Melika and Ghardaïa), Algeria. Accessed February 03, 2019.</div><div><a href="https://perma.cc/5XGK-LXLT" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">https://whc.unesco.org/en/280/?id=768&amp;&amp;</a>&nbsp;</div></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

M'zab

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Mosque of Mélika

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<h2><strong>ARCHNET FAQ</strong></h2><p>1. <strong>Will ARCHNET work on my device?</strong></p><p>Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!</p><p><strong>2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?</strong></p><p>Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p><strong>3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;</strong></p><ul><li><strong>image</strong> - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>publication</strong> - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>site descriptions and metadata </strong>- Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>video</strong> - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.</p><p><strong>4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p><strong>5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.</p><p><strong>6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a></p><p><strong>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at </strong><a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>archnet@mit.edu</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p>

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<p><strong>Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.</strong></p><p>Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:</p><ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;</p><p>ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.</p>

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