Lebanon

 Saïda

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Sidon is the third city of Lebanon, located to the south of Beirut. This coastal town backed by a mountain range occupies the position of capital of the southern region of Lebanon.&nbsp;The planning work that Michel Écochard puts to work in his proposals for the city of Sidon is characteristic of the approach and the solutions applied to post-war planning. Before putting into effect a development plan for the city of Sidon, the team put together by Écochard tackled the overall problem of the extent of the city’s territorial influence in relation to the surrounding countryside. The layout of Sidon is coordinated with a broader regional development, taking into account mountain villages. The proposals are part of what he describes as major capital projects involving the whole territory, such as the electrical power project or that of irrigation. Three big elements encapsulate the plan: planning and highways on a regional scale; the “remodelling” of the old town; and new extensions, notably the creation of a “new city”.&nbsp;The new layout of the old town is summed up by the clearing and improvement of historic monuments, notably through attributing new administrative or commercial functions to them, in order to confirm the cultural, administrative and economic role of the old town. The destruction of particular neighborhoods on the seafront allowed for a lowering of population densities and a cleaning-up of the area. The development of the port and its boundaries, which are extended to the north by the demolition of the warehouse area, which represented a difficult to organize mess, in favour of a warehouse and commercial district “logically organised” around Khan el-Rouz. &nbsp;A large highway for heavy north-south traffic is included as part of a regional study. Another route connects the city to the mountains. Écochard, who put forward the hypothesis of a coastal highway project for Lebanon – for which a study would be entrusted to him three years later – also proposed the idea of an international highway through the Bekaa. Large routes of communication to the docks, which “will be given a new life”, connecting them to the road from Beirut-Tyre, via a new road for 17 miles along the north part of the French Khan. Secondly, through the creation of a new road by the sea, extending from Aïn-Heloué and leading to the southern part of the docks, after skirting, in the west, the walls of the great mosque, the objective is to establish a closure of the large roads coming from Beirut and the mountains.at the central square in front of the docks. The new extensions accommodated the displaced residents of the old town and represented future growth areas. The location was chosen so as not to affect fruit crops, making the case for the “the old tradition” of a maritime town and a town above: the new town of Aïn Héloué, with its green areas, public buildings, and its placement of apartment blocks, villas and organised habitations.&nbsp;A zoning plan foresaw an industrial area located at the edge fo the sea to the south of the city, particularly for the processing of agricultural products. A zone is also reserved for the clearance of areas around archaeological sites, one for exhibitions and fairs, and finally one for sports and leisure. Planted zones are conserved and protected. These developments were meant to allow the city to play a leading role in planning for southern Lebanon and to support rural areas as well. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Plan d’aménagement de Saïda et de sa région 

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The Great Al-Omari Mosque was built in 1291 by Mamluk Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun atop a Crusader fortification and church that included a refectory, stables and rooms for the knights Templar. The complex is expansive and was the largest and most important mosque in the city prior to the construction of the Hariri mosque in 2003 on Saida’s northern fringes. The interior is impressive, with a 10-meter high ceiling that is held by study external buttressing from the Crusader era. The mosque was renovated repeatedly at the end of the 19th century, and was partially destroyed by Israeli bombardment during the Invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Since then, it has been rebuilt in 1986 using traditional construction techniques and the remains of the same stones on site. The renovation project received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in the 1987-1989 Cycle.The mosque is longitudinal and oriented along an east-west axis which suggests that it had previously been a church built in the neo-byzantine style. Once it was converted to a mosque in 1291, a minbar was added on the southern façade, shifting the primary orientation of the building towards the north-south axis. Over time, an external courtyard and accessory prayer halls were added on the north side, as well as a series of ablution rooms, a school, and a minaret that dates from the late Ottoman period.&nbsp;

Great Al-Omari Mosque

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The Debbaneh palace was built in 1721 by Ali Agha Hammoud, and was initially designated as part of an Islamic Waqf. Ali Agha Hammoud also sponsored the nearby Madrassa of A’aisha and the Al-Qishle Khan as part of a series of endownments to the waqf.&nbsp;It was purchased by the Debbaneh Family in the 19th century and turned into their primary residence. The palace is embellished in the Damascene style, and was listed as a national monument in 1968. In 1999, the Debbane Foundation was created to conduct the restoration the building and convert it into a museum of domestic Arab-Ottoman architecture.The renovations work are currently underway at the Palace, with visitors only being able to access the main Liwan and its accessory rooms. The remainder of the complex, which includes a Hammam, several rooms and another courtyard are being converted into a museum of Saida.&nbsp;

Debbaneh Palace Museum 

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Although significantly smaller than its French counterpart, the Khan el-Roz, or Rice Caravanserai, was built by Emir Fakhreddine II in the 17th century. Its primary product of trade, as its name suggests, was rice. It is organized around a large central courtyard with storage and warehousing facilities on the ground floor and sleeping quarters on the first floor. The khan is currently squatted by displaced families inside old Saida and has fallen into disrepair. Plans to renovate the Khan were announced in 2018, but no execution has taken place yet.&nbsp;

Khan el-Roz

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The Al-Bahr Mosque was built in 1373 AD or 775 AH, and was the first to be constructed on the city’s seafront, hence its name ‘The Sea Mosque’. A series of granite columns from the Roman period were incorporated into the mosque’s structure during its construction. The initial construction was financed by Hassan bin Sawah, and was later embellished and expanded by Ali Agha Hammoud as part of a donation to the Waqf that included the construction of an attached Qur’an school. The mosque had the city’s tallest minaret until the construction of the Hariri Mosque in 2003 at the northern entrance of the city.&nbsp;

Al-Bahr Mosque

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The Kikhya Mosque was constructed in 1623AD / 1033 H. by Mustapha Katakhda. It is built around a large central courtyard of multiple levels dedicated to the open air teaching of the Qur’an and act as extensions of the interior prayer space. The courtyard also includes a water well and a fountain. The mosque’s main prayer space is topped with 6 domes of which the central one, above an intricately crafted white marble Minbar, is the tallest. A school makes up part of the mosque complex. The mosque was renovated in 1996 by the Hariri Foundation for Sustainable Development.&nbsp;

Al-Kikhya Mosque

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The mosque lies in close proximity to the al-Kikhya mosque, and was built in 1592AD/ 1001 H. by Sheikh Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Qutaish. The entrance is located along the main street and leads into a double ceiling height room with access to a garden behind the mosque where aromatic lemon trees are grown. A series of doors leads to the main prayer space with large multi-storey windows and a dome above the mihrab. The main prayer hall and dome are held up by Roman granite columns salvaged from nearby sites of antiquity. The tomb of Sheikh Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Qutaish lies in the attached lemon garden.&nbsp;

Al-Qutayshiye Mosque

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IAA706059

The Bab el Saray Square is the largest public space in the old city of Saida. It was built by Emir Fakhreddine II in the early 17th century and forms the central connecter between what was once the Serail of Fakhreddine to its southeast (the seat of political power), the port to the west, the city’s principal caravanserai and the French Consulate (Khan el-Franj)&nbsp;the city’s oldest mosque (Bab el Saray Mosque), and the city’s souks and markets. The square consolidates the major axes that run through the old city and was the center of Saida’s commercial activity in the mid to late Ottoman Era. The area surrounding the square greatly damaged by the 1956 Roum earthquake and was renovated in its aftermath. In 2008, the Hariri and Audi foundations, and the UNDP renovated the square and upgraded the infrastructural systems beneath it. Today, the square is a bustling open space where children play, and locals congregate around historic cafés. During Ramadan of every year, the square hosts the city’s main festivities and communal feasts.&nbsp;

Bab el Saray Square 

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IAA706060

The Bab el Saray Mosque is Saida’s oldest and is located on the old city’s main plaza and outdoor congregational square, Bab el Saray. It was built in 1202 by Sheikh Abu Al-Yaman bin Abi Ishaq bin Ibrahim and was formerly known as Jami’ al-Mouhtasseb. The mosque is comprised of a large square hall underneath the main dome, and an archaded entrance on its southern side. Over the last 800 years, the mosque was expanded several times, first with an extension to the main prayer room to the east, and a later addition of another room to the north. The entry portal was also expanded, and adjusted to open towards the square on the west. The mosque’s structure is reuses stones from a series of large Roman and Cannanite temples that once stood in its place. Although modest in size, the mosque is one of the most important social buildings in the city. The portion of Bab el-Saray square adjacent to the mosque hosts a small fruit garden with Orange and Jasmine trees native to the Sidonian agricultural plains.&nbsp;

Bab el Saray Mosque

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Sidon’s largest and most elaborately adorned church, the St. Nicholas Greek Catholic Cathedral was transferred outside of the old town and built on land owned by the Greek Catholic Bishorpic of Sidon alongside a convent in 1895. It is a testament to the growth and prosperity of the city’s Greek Catholic community following its creation in the early-19th century as a result of a schism with its Orthodox counterpart. The church has one central nave, a marble and gold iconostasis that separates the nave from the apse, the tallest bell tower in the city, and altars to the Twelve apostles across its walls. It is dedicated to St. Nicholas, the patron saint of the city and protector of fishermen, sailors and travelers.&nbsp;

St. Nicholas Greek Melkite Catholic Cathedral

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The Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St. Nicholas is Saida’s oldest church. It was originally built in the 8th century on the spot where it is believed St. Paul and St. Peter met in 58 AD according to the Holy Bible (Acts 27:3). In 1819, the church was divided in two following the schism within the Greek Orthodox church that produced its Catholic counterpart. As the Catholic community grew increasingly wealthy, they opted to close their section of the Cathedral and construct a new, much larger, edifice on the fringes of the city. The Orthodox half of the church, and its adjacent Archeparchy, have remained onsite and serving a congregation since its construction. The complex is accessible from a small alley along the city’s eastern boundary within the old town. The doorway leads first to a room built around a shrine where the two apostles met and connects to a small courtyard open to the sky before the main entrance of the church. The church itself is composed of a modestly sized hall of ancient stone construction to which is attached an accessory back room that serves as the back end of the church. The nave is separated from the apse by a small iconostasis.

St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Cathedral

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Saïda
Lebanon

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Saïda

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