Syria

A primary focus of Archnet is the development of the urban environment in Muslim societies. Archnet’s new place authorities are records for cities, towns, and other settled areas that link the sites located in that area.&nbsp;Depending on when the record was created or last updated, it may include variant and alternate place names, including ones no longer in use, in languages other than English, including those in non-Western alphabets, and variant spellings. Eventually, this will be the case with all city records. The most developed records in this collection also provide a brief description of the city and its significance, as well as a history of its development. From these records, you can navigate to sites in the city, publications, maps, and video relating to the city or specific neighborhoods thereof, aerial, general, and distant views, urban planning graphics relating to infrastructure, topography, and characteristics of the residents, and even street views or portraits known to be of the city or is residents, but for which we do not have an exact location. We hope you find these records useful. Users interested in the topic of urban history may wish to consult the collection of the <a href="http://archnet.org/collections/historic_cities" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme</a>, or to explore the results of keywords such as <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJjaXRpZXMiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJjaXRpZXMiXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzEwMH0.JJHPyQckiM0KURTJqZWXF5-GSpS6sUE6Xa8bLIzJVU8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">cities,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJjaXRpZXMiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJjaXR5IGFuZCByZWdpb25hbCBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTEzMTM2fQ.Q1z03tZmTEFvihTpojsCebGu7wjYrcOgorreQfRjKDQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">city and regional development</a>, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJjaXRpZXMiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiBkZXNpZ24iXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzIyMn0.ozXSEhZe74cE3sJ6z8wSO8ZY9j04ttRK_oSoDzpG558" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban design</a>, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJjaXRpZXMiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudCJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTEzMjczfQ.aoqIJCVEIUz7aKd63IDX6VCNd6yXPDRPb-uHZ22VLXc" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban development</a>, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbmlzbSIsInJlZmluZW1lbnRMaXN0Ijp7ImtleXdvcmRzIjoiIn0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzMzM30.cA5r5rUd6eCx2V_HLoimgAvuLdJTS6rncVZ4hfKE3EI" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urbanism</a>, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiIiLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiBwbGFubmluZyJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTEzNDE0fQ.l7zBf7mVWNWIKytF3Vs3WrLR-rcoi4QfWov7DINmd4I" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban planning</a>, or <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzQ4M30.Bg6VrH3hbuHHnVbr5nIxFyoInER16qtlKvgHQFvX9Yo" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban regeneration</a>. In addition, there are site records for <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IiIsImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJjb21tdW5pdHkgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQiXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzYzOH0.LuQAv0nhyzzBVAcz-diTJL0tqxpiLcAxWOJV665S_UE" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">community development,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IiIsImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJ1cmJhbiB1cGdyYWRpbmciXX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTUxMzg1OX0.SyW_uYoCDTpPCIV8GDWnFvTysAQ3GJg7hk3ZckfxofY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">urban upgrading,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJ1cmJhbiByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24iLCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJrZXl3b3JkcyI6IiIsImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJhcmVhIGNvbnNlcnZhdGlvbiJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTEzOTE3fQ.lA8j1vDRE1HIaI5DblbO5MTtV65EtUC9iAgcexANEXQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">area conservation,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJtYXN0ZXIgcGxhbiIsInJlZmluZW1lbnRMaXN0Ijp7ImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJuZXcgdG93biBwbGFubmluZyJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTE0MDM3fQ.0hUrzEW8Ub3EagAbJQDTFDKCWDutw3xFCDt8uF9qe0o" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">infrastructure upgrading,</a> <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ5ZWFyIjp7fSwidGltZV9wZXJpb2QiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJtYXN0ZXIgcGxhbiIsInJlZmluZW1lbnRMaXN0Ijp7ImJ1aWxkaW5nX3VzYWdlcyI6WyJuZXcgdG93biBwbGFubmluZyJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNzg1NTE0MDM3fQ.0hUrzEW8Ub3EagAbJQDTFDKCWDutw3xFCDt8uF9qe0o" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">new town planning</a> and other types of projects. This collection will continue to develop over time, so check back regularly.&nbsp;We also welcome contributions, including corrections and additions. Please use the 'Feedback' button at the lower right or <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">contact us.</a>

Cities and Towns

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collage (digital photographs)

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 Ḥaffa

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The Castle rises amidst spectacular landscape and, together with the Crac des Chevaliers, was included in UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2006. Indeed, the site is one of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture and one of the most visited places in Syria (around 100,000 visitors in 2008). Its successive occupants were the Byzantines, the Franks, the Ayyubids and the Mamluks. The site is the result of numerous construction phases and the record of changes is still recognizable in most of the structures. The monument represents a unique cultural heritage for the quality of its military architecture, the variety and quality of the materials, and for the complexity of the historical stratifications, as well as for its environmental surroundings. The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) signed a ‘Memorandum of Understanding’ with the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums in Syria (DGAM) on 1 December 1999 to provide support in the restoration of three citadels in Syria (Aleppo, Masyaf and Salah al-Din). Since that time a considerable amount of work has been completed with the cooperation of the Antiquities authorities. The Castle of Salah al-Din is perched at an altitude of approximately 450 metres on a long rocky spur stretching from east to west and divided into two plateaux separated by a steep ridge. Only a number of historically or spatially coherent areas within the site were selected to become the focus of conservation efforts, with the intention that the DGAM would continue work elsewhere using methodologies and skills acquired during the joint project implementation. The work has been developed according to international standards and methodology of restoration and rehabilitation. The choices made were the result of in-depth analyses of the monument’s history, of its present physical and figurative state, and of its conservation or rehabilitation status. The Castle of Salah al-Din is a very large complex containing a series of buildings and monuments of different historical periods, which call for a diversified approach and different forms of conservation and maintenance targeted to the specific requirements of each structure or category of structures. The main structures are the moat and the needle; the main gateway; the ring walls; the towers and the master tower; the Byzantine fortress and ramparts; the Islamic complex (including the mosque, the palace and the public hammam); and the Lower Town, walls and towers and the two tower-gates. Furthermore, the Castle is still the subject of archaeological investigations and historic research. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Salah al-Din Citadel Restoration

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The Citadel of Salah al-Din is strategically situated in the mountains off the Syrian coast approximately twenty-five kilometers east of Latakia on the way towards Aleppo. It stands on a long ridge encompassed by two gorges on either side creating a grandiose presence amongst the surrounding forested landscape. While the site was probably first settled during Phoenician times in the first millennium BC, the bulk of what survives today is from the early 12th century, Crusader period, including stone walls, high protective towers, and the presence of a moat. The eastern section of the site is separated from the complex by a deep chasm that connects the two ravines. A thin piece of rock twenty-eight meters high is all that remains in the middle of this rift; it once supported a bridge that connected the two parts of the site creating the citadel's main entrance at one point in time. Salah Ed-Din overtook the fortress in 1188 in what is noted as one of his most successful military campaigns. Succeeding Ayyubid and Mamluk administrations developed a palace, mosque, baths, cistern and a madrasa in the heart of the site. The Ayyubid and Mamluk sections of the castle were&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/6413" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">restored by the Aga Khan Historic Cities Program</a>&nbsp;between 1999 and 2001. The site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2006. Sources: Ball, Warwick. 1998. Syria A Historical and Architectural Guide. New York: Interlink Books, 123. "Citadel of Salah Ed-Din". Historic Cities Programme Website. <a href="http://www.akdn.org/hcsp/Syria/Syriapages4_9.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.akdn.org/hcsp/Syria/Syriapages4_9.pdf</a> [Accessed May 25, 2005] "Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din". UNESCO World Heritage Center. <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1229/</a>. [Accessed February 15, 2007]

Qal'a Salah al-Din

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

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