Daniel C. Waugh

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Isfahan. Mardavij Dovecote. Exterior View.

Iran

<div style="text-align: justify;">Hundreds of pigeon towers or dovecotes (burj-i kabutar or kabutar-khana in Farsi), dating largely to the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Safavid/year/1512" target="_blank">Safavid</a>&nbsp;reign, dot the fields in the vicinity of Isfahan. Distinct examples of secular&nbsp;architecture in Iran, these structures played an important role, much alike the subterranean canal system (qanats), in sustaining the hinterland that made possible an urban center at Isfahan. The turrets built with the purpose of collecting pigeon dung were a significant source of local revenue and were frequently decorated with white plaster and crenellations.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">These cylindrical towers constructed of brick, gypsum, and lime plaster would range from 15 to 25 meters in diameter to often imposing heights of 20 meters or more. Topped with domes with crevices to allow access to honeycombed interiors, each pigeon tower could accommodate thousands of the Persian wild pigeon that could be harvested annually for dung to manure fields and soften leather in Isfahan's famed tanneries. Agriculture in the fertile but nitrogen lacking Isfahan plains was largely supported in this manner, and the legendary melons grown in the region were particularly dependent on this fertilizer.  These structures have been deteriorating with little maintenance ever since they were rendered functionally obsolete with modern use of chemical fertilizers and tanning chemicals. There has been a significant drop in pigeon tower numbers from the thousands reported in seventeenth century accounts of Safavid Isfahan by French traveler Chardin, to the present day count of approximately a remaining hundred in the entire province.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Among the most striking of these pigeon towers is the Mardavij Pigeon Tower, located in a square at the southern end of the city, south of the New Julfa neighborhood.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sources</span>:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: left;">Hutt, Anthony and Leonard Harrow. <i>Islam Architecture: Iran I</i>. London: Scorpion Publishers, 1978. 171.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br></div><div style="text-align: left;">"Pigeon Towers". <i>Isfahan Webserver</i>. <a href="http://www.isfahan.org.uk/kabutar/kabutar.html" target="_blank">http://www.isfahan.org.uk/kabutar/kabutar.html</a>. [Accessed September 6, 2013]</div>

Kabutarkhanah (Isfahan)

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digital graphic

IAA708467

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Isfahan. Mardavij Dovecote. Exterior View. Side Wall.

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Isfahan. Mardavij Dovecote. Exterior View. Roof.

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Isfahan. Mardavij Dovecote. Interior View Looking Up.

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Isfahan. Mardavij Dovecote. Interior View. Upper Portion of Tower.

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Isfahan. Mardavij Dovecote. Interior View. Roosting ledges.

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Isfahan. Mardavij Dovecote. Interior. Pigeon on Roost.

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Isfahan. Mardavij Dovecote. Interior View. Pigeon.

Isfahan: Mardavij Pigeon Tower (Waugh Collection)

<p>The Daniel C. Waugh Collection consists of born-digital photographs depicting historical monuments from various regions across the heartland of Islam.&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/7107" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Daniel C. Waugh</a>&nbsp;is Professor Emeritus at University of Washington, Seattle, where he taught courses on the history and culture of Russia and Central Asia from 1972 until his retirement. Professor Waugh has contributed substantially to Silk Road studies. In addition to teaching courses, he is the editor of <em>The Silk Road</em>, the journal of the Silk Road Society, since 2003, and has traveled extensively in Central Asia and throughout the historical Islamic world.&nbsp;</p><p><br></p><p>Cataloging and processing of the collection is currently underway. To facilitate browsing, images are grouped in sub-collections according to site (e.g. Isfahan: Masjid-i Imam). The collection page will be updated as new groups of material are processed.</p>

Daniel C. Waugh Collection

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IAA706386

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<p>Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder.</p><p><br></p><p>Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.</p><p><br></p><p>Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.</p><p><br></p><p>The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.</p>

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<h2><strong>ARCHNET FAQ</strong></h2><p>1. <strong>Will ARCHNET work on my device?</strong></p><p>Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!</p><p><strong>2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?</strong></p><p>Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p><strong>3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;</strong></p><ul><li><strong>image</strong> - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>publication</strong> - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>site descriptions and metadata </strong>- Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>video</strong> - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.</p><p><strong>4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p><strong>5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.</p><p><strong>6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a></p><p><strong>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at </strong><a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>archnet@mit.edu</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p>

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<p><strong>Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.</strong></p><p>Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:</p><ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;</p><p>ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.</p>

Isfahan: Mardavij Pigeon Tower (Waugh Collection)

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Isfahan: Mardavij Pigeon Tower (Waugh Collection)

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