Daniel C. Waugh

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digital photograph

Isfahan. Shaykh Lutfallah. Corridor.

Iran

<div style="text-align: justify;">The Shaykh Lutfallah mosque, built in 1617-18, is located at the center of the east side of Isfahan's&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/sites/2717" target="_blank">maydan</a>, or grand royal square (512 by 159 meters),&nbsp;built by Shah 'Abbas I between 1590 and 1602. The maydan was an expression of Isfahan's emergence as the new political and economic capital of the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Safavid/year/1612" target="_blank">Safavid</a>&nbsp;dynasty. It is a multifunctional space with intensive mercantile activity, which also served as a house for royal ceremonial rituals,&nbsp;royal caravanseri, baths, a royal mint, and a hospital-- all centered in the space of the square and the two-story arcade surrounding it on four sides. The mosque was named in 1622 after Shaykh Lutfallah Maysi al-'Amili (d.1622), a prominent religious scholar and teacher (and father-in-law to Shah 'Abbas) who came to Isfahan at the orders of Shah 'Abbas, and resided on the site, but was never involved in the mosque's construction.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The mosque is more similar in type to a mausoleum than a four-iwan mosque. Architectural historians ascribe this either to the fact that members of the Shah's family had used it for private worship or that it had functioned as a women's sanctuary.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The portal iwan is not aligned with the maydan's elevation, but is preceded by a recessed small court which flows from the maydan and is linked, on its north and south sides, to the continuous corridor that envelopes the maydan's mercantile facilities. The main entrance to the mosque is located on the east side of this small court. The structure itself is not aligned perpendicularly to the maydan's eastern wall, but lies at an angle (almost 45 degrees) against the maydan's wall. As a result, when viewed from the maydan, the mosque's main portal iwan and dome do not fall on the same axis, as is always the case in other mosques, but instead the dome appears behind the main portal iwan as if having slid 6.5 meters to the right from its axis. This asymmetrical layout was initially introduced to reconcile the (southwest) direction of Mecca with the placement of the mihrab on the qibla wall, and adds visual complexity to the structure.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Contrary to the maydan's sand-colored brick elevation, the portal iwan is elaborately ornamented in colorful mosaics. It is built as a recessed area on the eastern wall of the court, an elevated platform raised by four steps from the court level. An inscription band in white on a dark blue background runs horizontally on the three sides of the portal niche, above which begins the iwan's vault, comprising four clusters of muqarnases made of small glazed-tiles units. These four clusters ascend to inscribe a concentric floral medallion. The pointed-arch doorway is located below the inscription band and is flanked by two panels of mosaics of floral arabesques with motifs in yellow, white,  and blue on a dark blue background. These panels rest on top of a continuous marble dado.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The offset entry does not allow the visitor to enter the prayer chamber directly from the maydan by passing through the main portal iwan, which is aligned on the east-west axis. Due to the mosque's alignment on the northeast-southwest axis, upon entering the mosque one walks along two corridors, oriented respectively to the northeast and southeast, which are placed adjacent to the northwest and northeast walls of the prayer chamber. Turning southwest to face the qibla wall, one enters the domed chamber to see the mihrab on the opposite wall. This journey into gradual deepening into darkness and reemergence into a room bathed with light reflected on the glazed revetment is one of the most rewarding experiences of the building.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In contrast to the grand size of the maydan's space, the Shaykh Lutfallah mosque is very small and is comprised of a single domed chamber (19 meters on a side), surrounded by rooms (which possibly functioned as service areas) on its sides, and preceded by a portal iwan overlooking the maydan. The two rooms accessed from the corridor which envelopes the sanctuary dome measure 6 by 9 meters; one is found on the western side of the corridor, and the other along the far end of the eastern wall. A third room (8 by 16 meters) is located on the exterior of the southern wall of the sanctuary, and is accessed via the corridor running along the maydan wall and then turning right after the vestibule area. Although the Shaykh Lutfallah is not one rectangular structure, its masses can be measured as one rectangular area of 44 by 30 meters and an additional rectangular service area comprising approximately 152 square meters.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The dome is one of the few single-shell domes of the Safavid architecture with a structure consisting of three levels. Four squinches of pointed-arched panels, framed by an inscription band in white and blue demarcated by light blue cable moldings, ascend from the floor and support a sixteen kite-shaped shields that, in turn, support the drum, which comprises sixteen arched panels. The drum is ornamented with alternating double-grilles windows with an arabesque pattern. The interior dome has a sunburst from which descend medallions inscribing floral motifs, which become larger as they descend away from the center. The exterior of the dome is ornamented with an arabesque of a floral motif in white, blue, and black against a yellow background.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The Shaykh Lutfallah mosque is viewed by historians and visitors as one of the most important architectural projects built on Isfahan's maydan, prominent for its location, scale, design, and ornament.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sources</span>:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Blair, Sheila S. and Jonathan M. Bloom. <i>The Art and Architecture of Islam</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. 185-188.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Blunt, Wilfrid. <i>Isfahan: Pearl of Asia</i>. London: Elek Books, 1966. 74-77.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hoag, John D. <i>Islamic architecture</i>. Milano: Electa Architecture; [S.l.]: Distributed by Phaidon Press, 2004, c. 1973. 171.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Michell, George. <i>Architecture of the Islamic World</i>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1978. 254.</div>

Masjid-i Shaykh Lutfallah

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Isfahan. Shaykh Lutfallah. Corridor. Vault.

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digital graphic

IAA706397

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Isfahan. Shaykh Lutfallah. Corridor. Side Wall. Tile Panel.

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Isfahan. Shaykh Lutfallah. Corridor. View S.

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Isfahan. Shaykh Lutfallah. Corridor. Panel.

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Isfahan. Shaykh Lutfallah. Dome from N.

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Isfahan. Shaykh Lutfallah. Portal and Dome from NW.

Iran: Isfahan: Shaykh Lutfallah (Waugh Collection)

<p>The Daniel C. Waugh Collection consists of born-digital photographs depicting historical monuments from various regions across the heartland of Islam.&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/7107" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Daniel C. Waugh</a>&nbsp;is Professor Emeritus at University of Washington, Seattle, where he taught courses on the history and culture of Russia and Central Asia from 1972 until his retirement. Professor Waugh has contributed substantially to Silk Road studies. In addition to teaching courses, he is the editor of <em>The Silk Road</em>, the journal of the Silk Road Society, since 2003, and has traveled extensively in Central Asia and throughout the historical Islamic world.&nbsp;</p><p><br></p><p>Cataloging and processing of the collection is currently underway. To facilitate browsing, images are grouped in sub-collections according to site (e.g. Isfahan: Masjid-i Imam). The collection page will be updated as new groups of material are processed.</p>

Daniel C. Waugh Collection

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IAA706386

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<p>Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder.</p><p><br></p><p>Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.</p><p><br></p><p>Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.</p><p><br></p><p>The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.</p>

Terms of use

<h2><strong>ARCHNET FAQ</strong></h2><p>1. <strong>Will ARCHNET work on my device?</strong></p><p>Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!</p><p><strong>2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?</strong></p><p>Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p><strong>3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;</strong></p><ul><li><strong>image</strong> - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>publication</strong> - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>site descriptions and metadata </strong>- Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li><strong>video</strong> - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.</p><p><strong>4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p><strong>5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.</p><p><strong>6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;</strong></p><p>If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a></p><p><strong>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at </strong><a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><strong>archnet@mit.edu</strong></a><strong>.</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p>

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<p><strong>Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.</strong></p><p>Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:</p><ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul><p>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;</p><p>ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.</p>

Iran: Isfahan: Shaykh Lutfallah (Waugh Collection)

Parent Collections

Iran: Isfahan: Shaykh Lutfallah (Waugh Collection)

Images & Videos

Parent Collections