Images of landscapes, monuments, and people in Herat Province, Afghanistan, taken between 1958 and 1972 by&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2960" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">Josephine Powell</a>.<div> </div><div> </div>

Josephine Powell

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IMG12807

Afghanistan

The site of the musalla complex -- as it currently exists -- contains six minarets and two domed chambers that are visible from afar. The Mausoleum of Gawhar Shad, with its ribbed cupola, stands in a garden to the south of an irrigation canal that bisects the site. To its east is a single minaret with two balconies; it once flanked the portal of Gawhar Shad's Madrasa. To the south of the mausoleum was a place of worship, a congregational mosque (masjid-i jami or musalla) built by Gawhar Shad, of which only the stump of a minaret remains. The smaller domed mausoleum of Mir Ali Shir Navai (1441-1501) a prominent poet and companion of Timurid Sultan Husain Baiqara (1469-1506) is located to the north of Gawhar Shad's Mausoleum, before the canal. In the plain north of the canal, four minarets are clustered together; these once marked the four corners of a madrasa built by Husain Baiqara between 1469/1470 and 1506. The foundations of the complex were laid by Gawhar Shad, wife of Timurid ruler Shah Rukh (1405-1447) in 1417 outside Herat, establishing the city as the capital of the Timurid Empire and its future northward expansion. It is probable that the madrasa was built first in 1417 and the mosque followed in 1426. Sultan Husain's Madrasa was most likely built around 1493 (898 A.H.). In 1863, the tops of the minarets were destroyed by artillery fire. In 1885, the ruins were razed by Amir 'Abd ar-Rahman (1880-1901), the British-supported Amir of Afghanistan, in an attempt to prevent their use as a base by the Russian army. Only the minarets and the Mausoleum of Gawhar Shad were allowed to remain. Two of the mosque's four minarets were destroyed in an earthquake in 1932, and only one survives today. The Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage (SPACH) completed emergency conservation works on the site in 2001, including building protective walls around the Gawhar Shad Mausoleum and Sultan Husain Madrasa, repairing the remaining minaret of Gawhar Shad's Madrasa, and replanting the mausoleum garden. Mosque, or, Musalla of Gawhar Shad The ruins of the prayer space built by Gawhar Shad -- identified alternatively as a congregational mosque (masjid-i jami) or a musalla -- are located in the southernmost area of the complex. Only the stump of a single minaret remains today, integrated into a modern madrasa at the edge of the musalla site. Its construction may have begun in 1417 at the same time with the madrasa, but its completion was delayed by several years due to an assassination attempt on Sultan Shah Rukh in the Masjid-i Jami of Herat in 1426. According to a marble inscription on one of the minarets, construction of the mosque stopped in 1437/8 (841 A.H.), leaving an unfinished portal, which remained so until the entire building was destroyed in 1885. Another inscription on a minaret identified the architect as Qavam al-Shirazi, who built Gawhar Shad's Mosque in Mashad in 1418-19. Of the four minarets that were allowed to remain, two collapsed in a 1932 earthquake. According to Schroeder's reconstruction, the mosque was rectangular in plan with a double sanctuary and two prayer halls occupying the west side of its almost square courtyard. Entered from a monumental portal facing east, the courtyard had double-story arcades along its north and south side, and an iwan centered on each façade. The main, west-facing iwan was flanked by smaller iwans giving access to the prayer halls. Outside, the mosque measured about one hundred and six by sixty-three meters, with a minaret buttressing each corner. Two more minarets reportedly flanked the main iwan, which have not survived the 1885 destruction. The interior of the portal iwan was faced with glazed lapis tiles and contained an inscription praising its patron, Gawhar Shad. Photographs taken by Oskar Ritter von Niedermayer and Alfred Foucher before the devastating 1932 earthquake show that each of the remaining four minarets had Arabic inscriptions carved in marble panels around their bases, in tile mosaic on two major bands, and on smaller tile panels decorating the lower shaft. Madrasa of Sultan Husain Baiqara and Mausoleum of Mir Ali Shir Navai All that remains of the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/22441" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Madrasa of Sultan Husain Baiqara</a> are four minarets north of the Musalla Complex. This madrasa was built in 1492-1493 (898 A.H.) and was reportedly designed in a style similar to the Madrasa of Gawhar Shad, but on a larger scale. The mausoleum of Mir Ali Shir Navai is a small, domed, three-by-three bay cube located near the entrance to the Mausoleum of Gawhar Shad. Its construction date is unknown. Sources: Allen, Terry. A Catalogue of the Toponyms and Monuments of Timurid Herat, 92-3, 113-15, 122-29. Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture: Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1981. Blair, Sheila S., and Jonathan M. Bloom. The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800, 45-6. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995 Byron, Robert. "Timurid Architecture: General Trends." In A Survey of Persian Art: from Prehistoric Times to the Present, III edited by Arthur Upham Pope and Phyllis Ackerman, 1125-1126. Tehran: Soroush Press, 1939. Golombek, Lisa, and Donald Wilber. The Timurid Architecture of Iran and Turan, 305-307. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. Jawed, Sayed. 2001. "The Rehabilitation of the Musallah Complex in Herat Begins." SPACH Newsletter 7, 13-16. <a href="http://spach.info/documentation/newsletters/issue%207.%20July%202001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://spach.info/documentation/newsletters/issue%207.%20July%202001.pdf</a>. [Accessed September 15, 2005; inaccessible October 2, 2013] Knobloch, Edgar. The Architecture and Archaeology of Afghanistan, 134-37. Stroud, Gloucestershire, Charleston, SC: Tempus. 2002. "Musalla Complex". Website of Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage (SPACH). <a href="http://spach.info/ephotosheratmusallacomplex.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://spach.info/ephotosheratmusallacomplex.htm</a>. [Accessed September 23, 2005; inaccessible October 2, 2013]

Masjid-i Jami'-i Gawhar Shad

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IAA708586

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IMG12808

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IMG12809

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IMG12877

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Distant view. Chisht-i Sharif. Mausoleum. Ruins. Herat  Province. Afghanistan.

The two free-standing domed structures are located on a plateau outside of Chisht-i Sharif, a twelfth-century religious center that gave its name to the Chishtiyya order of Sufism. Inscriptions on both structures name Ghurid sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam as their patron. Their original function is unknown, and speculations have ranged. Given their form and situation in a present-day graveyard, scholars originally believed them to be tombs. Another theory is that they belonged to a mosque-madrasa complex. The two structures are often differentiated as the "Eastern Mausoleum" and "Western Mausoleum," but the taller "Eastern" structure stands to the northeast of the more intact "Western" one. For the purposes of this essay, they are described in an agnostic manner as the "Western Dome" and the "Eastern Dome."<div> </div><div> The Western Dome The shorter and more intact structure to the west is a square domed chamber entered from arched doorways centered on each façade. The southern entrance was distinguished with a portal screen, of which only small sections have remained on either side of the doorway. The fragments include a door frame composed of three bands of tile reliefs -- two braided bands around a narrow band of floral arabesques -- separated by rows of bricks. Shallow niches topped with a narrow pointed arch and a broad horse-shoe arch flank the doorway to the left and right, respectively. Bordered by embedded colonettes, the two niches are decorated with geometric tile reliefs and bands Kufic inscriptions made of molded brick. The corners of the brick chamber have largely eroded on the exterior, with a collapsed squinch exposing the interior at the southwest corner. The dome of the Western Mausoleum is supported by four grand arches embedded into the walls that rest on heavy columns set into the corners. Transition to the dome is achieved through an octagonal drum with squinches at the corners. Each dome arch is framed with a band of tile Quranic inscription composed in kufic script, topped with floral arabesques. The construction date of 1167 (562 A.H.) is marked along the eastern arch. A fifth band enveloping the interior below the arch springers includes the title "Shams al-Dunya wa'l-Din," an earlier epithet of Muhammad ibn Sam. The Eastern Dome The walls of the taller structure have largely eroded over time; the dome and the northern arch, seen in photographs as late as the 1970s, have since collapsed. As built, the monument consisted of two grand archways (south, north) and two blind walls (east, west) supporting a dome with an oculus. An octagonal drum with corner squinches provided the transition to the dome. Inside, the western wall has a simple mihrab niche with a semi-dome set inside a tall rectangular frame and blind niches with horseshoe arches adorn the upper sections of the east and west walls. Soffits of the southern and northern archways were decorated with contrasting tile reliefs featuring floral arabesques and braided geometric reliefs, respectively; the northern arch has not survived. Two portal fragments flanking the southern archway show parts of the dedicatory inscription, which was made of floral ornaments and triangular tiles placed in high and low relief between molded Kufic letters. Use of the word "great sultan" here with reference to Muhammad ibn Sam has led Sheila Blair to suggest a later date for this structure, which confirms the reading by Ralph Pinder-Wilson of the date 1194 (590 A.H.) on an octagonal plinth (since lost) above the north entrance. Both monuments are in urgent need of stabilization and restoration. Sources: Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan's Cultural Heritage. Herat Province, Chisht-e Sharif. <a href="http://spach.info/ephotosheratchist-esharif.htm" target="_blank">http://spach.info/ephotosheratchist-esharif.htm</a>. [Accessed July 18, 2006; inaccessible October 4, 2013] Blair, Sheila S. "The Madrasa at Zuzan: Islamic Architecture in Eastern Iran on the Eve of the Mongol Invasions." Muqarnas III (1985): 75-91. Dupree, Nancy Hatch. "Obey and Chisht-i-Sharif." In&nbsp;An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. Kabul, 1970. Available online at&nbsp;<a href="https://archive.org/details/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977">https://archive.org/details/azu_acku_ds351_d87_1977</a> Pinder-Wilson, Ralph. "Ghaznavid and Ghurid Architecture and Epigraphy." In The Art of the Saljuqs in Iran and Anatolia: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Edinburgh in 1982, edited by R. Hillenbrand. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 1994.</div>

Gumbad-i Chisht-i Sharif

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Distant view. Chisht-i Sharif. Mosque. Mausoleum. Ruins. Herat  Province. Afghanistan.

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Distant view. Chisht-i Sharif. Grave markers. Ruins. Herat Province. Afghanistan.

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Unidentified. Fortress. Row of single-story buildings. Domed roof. Herat. Afghanistan.

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Distant view. Chisht-i Sharif. Graveyard. Herat Province. Afghanistan.

Herat Province (Powell Collection)

<div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify; ">This collection houses examples of photographs taken by&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2960" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">Josephine Powell</a>, a self-taught photographer of architecture, art objects, landscapes, and people who worked primarily in the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Powell received a degree in social work in 1945, but went on to become a photographer of antiquities in Rome. Her work turned toward ethnographic material (scenes of every day life and crafts produced in villages) when she moved to Istanbul in 1974.&nbsp;</div><div style="text-align: justify; "> </div><div style="text-align: justify; ">Powell traveled extensively throughout the region and photographed the places she saw. This collection contains images from Afghanistan and the adjacent Central Asian countries, taken between the 1950s and 1970s. Many of the buildings and places she photographed are remote and difficult to access, and others have changed completely since the time she visited. The photographs are especially rich in decorative details and reveal the photographer's eye for the sculptural form of architecture.&nbsp;Her documentation of the surrounding land- and city-scapes - and the hustle and bustle of daily life within them - are equally valuable as documentation of cultural heritage.</div><div style="text-align: justify; "> </div><div style="text-align: justify; ">The images featured here are all housed in the&nbsp;<a href="http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990119685550203941/catalog" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">Josephine Powell Archive</a>&nbsp;at Harvard Fine Arts Library. Read more about these photographic collections&nbsp;<a href="https://library.harvard.edu/collections/photographer-archives" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">here</a>.</div><div style="text-align: justify; "> </div><div style="text-align: justify; "> </div>

Josephine Powell: Afghanistan and Central Asia

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Archnet is a community-powered resource that provides ready access to visual and textual material to facilitate teaching, scholarship, and professional work of high quality.&nbsp;This unparalleled resource continues to grow with both the addition of historic archives and documentation on contemporary trends shaping the built environment today.&nbsp;To better serve you, our user, in the study of art and architecture of Muslim societies, we continue to build our vast collection of sites, publications, images, and videos. To ensure a high level of scholarly content and accuracy in the information provided, we appreciate your expert feedback and, more importantly, your contributions..&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Please send comments, corrections, commendations, and other feedback to <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>If you find sites on Archnet to which you can contribute in compelling and meaningful ways, your generosity is most welcome. If you would be interested in contributing research, publications or other media to Archnet, please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite contributions of relevant, previously published, Open Access or copyrighted material for which you are able to grant Archnet a non-exclusive license. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite the contribution of syllabi, lesson plans, recorded lectures, or other material for our pedagogy project. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We welcome the donation of select archives based on our current editorial policies and priorities.&nbsp;If you have a collection you would like to bring to the attention of Archnet's editors, please send an email to: <a href="http://mailto: archnet-submission@mit.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.</li><li>Occasionally, Archnet editors issue calls for contributions on specific themes or of particular types of material. Follow those on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">website of AKDC@MIT </a>or <a href="https://mailchi.mp/17fc345bbd94/archnetakdc-updates" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">subscribe to our mailing list</a>.</li></ul> The breadth, depth, and quality of Archnet is oachieved through the generosity of numerous institutions and individuals listed on the respective pages throughout the site.&nbsp;We thank you for your generosity!

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Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

Herat Province (Powell Collection)

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Herat Province (Powell Collection)

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