A collection of all the site records made available in 2025.

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A collection of the material made available on Archnet in 2025.

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India

1959-62 Survey Located approximately 1.2 km northwest of Munīrkā village. Grid ref. E-10This graveyard is built on a plinth. There is just a small wall mosque with one miḥrāb in the west. Period III.IOC: VII-37&nbsp; ムニールカー部落の北西約1.2キロメートルにある。附図.E-10この墓地は,基壇の上にあり,西の部分に,一つのミフラーブをもつ小さな礼拝壁をそなえているのみである。第Ⅲ期。東研.Ⅶ-37 2015-18 Survey No remains of this structure could be found in the 2015 and 2018 surveys. [現状]2015・18年の調査では確認することができなかった。 [壁モスク]1959-62年の3枚の写真が残るのみで、低い基壇があり、西壁両端に円形断面塔型(基壇の位置に頂部飾をまわす)を配し、中央ミフラーブがある。ミフラーブ南面をスタッコ仕上で、1ミフラーブであったと思われる。 (Paragraph 2nd from the 2015-18 Survey is translated using Google Translate) [Wall mosque] Only three photographs from 1959-62 remain, and it has a low base, circular cross-section towers (with the top ornament around the base) on both ends of the west wall, and a central mihrab. The south side of the mihrab is finished in stucco, and it is thought to have been a single mihrab. Map Reference: Grid ref. E-10IOC Reference: G27, VII-37&nbsp;ASI Reference:&nbsp;Archived IOC Site Record: <a href="https://perma.cc/8EZZ-RXG5" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/8EZZ-RXG5</a>&nbsp; Mission Credit Line: Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60, 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

1 Mihrab Graveyard at Vasant Vihar (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey Located approximately 100 m west from the southwest corner of the outer walls of Tughluqābād Fort. Grid ref. I-13In this graveyard, there is currently part of a wall mosque remaining (its three miḥrābs), and just one tomb. Nearby there are traces of a number of graveyards. Period II. トゥグルカーバードの外城壁の西南隅の西方約100メートルにある。附図.I-13この墓地は,現在では,礼拝壁の,三つのミフラーブからなる部分と,1基の墓をのこすのみである。周辺には,いくつかの墓地の痕跡が認められる。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅹ-32 2015-18 Survey This area has become a park in Fairly dense Shisham by Tughluqabad Fort. What are thought to be the remains of this structure can be found in a badly ruined state among the park shrubbery. A cenotaph remains, but no mihrab arches could be found. [現状]一帯はTughluqabad城塞のFairy Dense Shishamの公園になり、公園内のブッシュの中に、当該遺構と思われるものがかなり荒廃した状態で現存する。墓石は残るが、ミフラーブのアーチは見当たらなかった。[壁モスク]1959-62年の写真から、3つのミフラーブは比較的離れて配置され、中央のものは多少高く、多弁形装飾を有す。西壁両端部は1959-62年にすでに崩壊、袖壁や塔型の有無は不明。特徴的なのは、頂部飾が両面を見せる形ではなく、西面はゆるい円弧描く曲面となり、中央ミフラーブの突出部に装飾がない点である。また墓石基壇部の隅に壺型装飾がある。 [Paragraph 2 of the 2015-18 Survey Description Translated with Google Translate] [Wall Mosque] Photos from 1959-62 show that the three mihrabs are relatively far apart, the central one is somewhat tall, and has multi-petaled decoration. Both ends of the west wall collapsed in 1959-62, and it is unclear whether there are side walls or towers. A distinctive feature is that the top decoration is not double-sided, but the west side is a gently curved arc, and there is no decoration on the protruding part of the central mihrab. There is also a vase-shaped decoration in the corner of the tombstone base. Map Reference: Grid ref. I-13IOC Reference: G03,X-32ASI Reference: --Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/5BAG-BTGF Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

 3 Mihrab Graveyard to the Southwest of Tughlaqabad Fort (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey Located approximately 300 m south from the southern tip of Mihrawlī village, to the east of the road leading south. Grid ref. F-13This area thought to be a graveyard is built on a high plinth; on the west side, there is a small wall mosque with three miḥrābs.To the south of the wall mosque, there is a domed gate with a square plan; it has entrances on four sides, with steps on the west. ASI categorizes this gate into the Mughal period, but its style points to Period II. There is also a west-facing rectangular building to the east of the graveyard, which may have been built during the same period and bear some connection with the graveyard. Period II.IOC: IX-33; c.f. ASI: III-187 メヘローリー部落の南端から南へ約300メートル,南下する道路の東側にある。附図.F-13この墓地と思われる区域は,高い基壇の上にあり,西側に,三つのミフラーブをもつ小さな礼拝壁が立っている。この礼拝壁の南側には,ドームをいただき,四方に入口と西側に階段をもつ四角平面の門が設けられている。ASIは,この門を,ムガル時代のものとしているが,様式からみて,第Ⅱ期に属するものと考えたい。なお,墓地の東側には,西面する長方形の建物があるが,ほぼ同時代に,この墓地と関連して建てられたものかもしれない。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅸ-33;cf.ASI.Ⅲ-187 2015-18 Survey This structure consists of a wall mosque and a gate on the south; the former is used as a mosque, with new walls and a corrugated iron ceiling. In the Google Earth photo dated February 10th, 2006, this place was a jungle, so it is thought that the structure was made into a mosque after this date. The center mihrab has been covered in white stucco and paint, with the part above extended higher and the sides widened. The kangura has been incorporated into the extensions and could not be seen. The gate measuring 5.8m square has become a private dwelling and could not be entered, but no drastic changes could be seen to its exterior. [現状]壁モスクと南門からなり、壁モスクは、壁を立上げトタンで天井をかけ、モスクとして使われる。Google Earthで確認すると2006年2月10日の写真まではジャングルで、その後モスクに改変されたと思われる。中央ミフラーブは上部に高さを増し、側部を拡張し、白色スタッコとペンキを塗る。頂部飾は増築部に内包され不明である。5.8m四方の門は住宅となり中に入ることはできなかったが、外観には大きな変化は見られない。[壁モスク]広い基壇上西辺に壁モスクを配する。壁モスクは、3つのミフラーブを並べ、中央ミフラーブを立上げ上部に頂部飾を配し、袖壁や隅の塔型をもたない。中央ミフラーブ上のコーニスは、1959-62年の写真には突出が認められるが現在は平らで、上部は失われ、その上に新しい壁が増設された可能性が高い。[南門]敷地の南西隅にあり、四方を開放する壁式ドーム建築で、中央アーチ開口部にはコの字型枠が突出する。壁頂部に頂部飾を配し、8角形ドラムに頂部飾を回し、ドームをのせる。内部はスクインチ・アーチで8角形を導き、持送で16角形とし、ドームをのせる。 (Paragraphs 2nd &amp; 3rd from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Wall mosque] The wall mosque is located on the west side of a wide base. The wall mosque has three mihrabs lined up, the central mihrab is erected and has a top ornament at the top, and does not have side walls or corner towers. The cornice above the central mihrab is seen to protrude in the 1959-62 photos, but it is now flat, and it is highly likely that the top has been lost and a new wall has been added on top of it. [South Gate] Located in the southwest corner of the site, it is a wall-type dome building open on all four sides, with a U-shaped frame protruding from the central arch opening. A capstone is placed on the top of the wall, and the capstone is placed around an octagonal drum, on which the dome rests. Inside, the octagon is guided by squinch arches, and corbels make it a 16-sided polygon on which the dome rests. Map Reference: Grid ref. F-13IOC Reference: G07, IX-33ASI Reference: Ⅲ-187Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/F5KY-8VHV Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

3 Mihrab Graveyard with Domed Gate to the South of Meherauli (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey Known as Bijai Mandir. Located in the northern outskirts of Begampur village. Grid ref. G-12This group of buildings on a mound is reminiscent of a small fort and is mostly in ruins today. The main part in the south is an open area approximately 15 m high, and to its north, part of a large south-facing building with numerous rooms remains. On the west side of this building's rooftop, there is a watchtower-like structure with an octagonal plan whose outer walls are sharply slanted; the use of cut stone for the eight sides is striking. Inside, there is a room with a cross-shaped plan and entrances on four sides. In the four corners of the flat roof, there are red sandstone holes approximately 45 cm in diameter, but the purpose of these holes is not clear. In Hindi, the term "Bijai Mandir" means "a victory hall", but it is a popular name given in later times to refer to the buildings surrounding the watchtower.To the north of the main area is an open space at a lower level, where there is a row of square stones with mortises that are clearly foundation stones; it can be imagined that this place was once a great hall with lined with pillars. To the northwest of the watchtower-like structure, there is a domed building with a square plan measuring about 16 m externally on a side; it has two open arches on each side except the east. ASI surmises that this building was either the residence or khānqā of a saint, but there is no conclusive evidence for this theory. There are also traces of various structures around this building, which are said to be the royal buildings of Delhi built by the Tughluq Dynasty Sulṯān Muḥammad Shāh. They were probably built in connection with the construction of Jahāṇpanāh Wall.On the northern edge of the mound, beyond a graveyard, is a structure longer in the east-west direction. Today it has five rooms with arches opening to the north and south, as well as side rooms on the east and west ends; there were probably more arches originally to the east and west of the side rooms. The sharp slant of the wall and pillars on the north side of the building is distinctive. It can be surmised from its strong Tughluq Dynasty characteristics that this building was built around the same time as, and in connection with, Bijai Mandir, but it also has traces of repairs and alterations characteristic of the late Delhi Sultanate. ASI suggests that this building was the khānqā of a Lodī Dynasty saint, but it may also have turned into a place for religious activity at that time. Period II.IOC: VIII-34; ASI: III-272,273,274 ビジャイ・マンディル(Bijai Mandir「勝利の寺」)として知られており,ベーガンプル部落の北のはずれにある。附図.G-12小さな城砦を思わせるマウンドの上に立つ建物群で,現在では,一部をのぞいて,ほとんど廃墟となっている。南の主要部分は,高さ約15メートルの広場となっており,その北側に,南に面する,多数の部屋をもつ大きな建造物の一部がのこっている。その屋上の西側には,望楼風の八角平面の建物がのっているが,その外壁は,つよい傾斜をもっており,八角の稜に,切石を用いているのが印象的である。内部は,十字形の平面をもつ部屋になっており,四方に入口を開いている。その平坦な屋根の上には,直径約45センチメートルの,赤い砂岩の穴が四隅に穿たれているが,それがどのような目的に用いられたものかはよくわからない。ビジャイ・マンディルというのは,勝利の殿堂を意味するヒンディー語であるが,この望楼を中心とする建物に対して,後代に与えられた俗称である。以上に述べてきた主要部分の北側は,一段と低い広場になっているが,そこには,ほぞ穴をもった,明らかに礎石と思われる方形の石が,列をなしてのこっている。おそらくはこの場所に,かつて,柱を連ねた大広間があったのかもしれない。さらに,上に述べた望楼風の建物の北西には,ドームをいただく,外辺約16メートルの四角平面の建物があり,東をのぞく三方は,それぞれ二つのアーチを開いている。ASIは,この建物を,聖者の住居あるいはハーンカーとする推測について記しているが,それについては,なんら積極的な証拠はない。なお,この建物の周辺には,さまざまな建造物の痕跡が認められる。これらの建物群は,トゥグルク朝のスルターン・ムハンマド・シャーが,デリーの宮廷として建造したものといわれている。おそらく,ジャハーンパナーの城壁の建設と関連して,建てられたものであろう。なお,これらの建物群の立っているマウンドの北端に,墓地をへだてて,東西に長い建造物がのこっている。この建物は,現在では,南と北とにアーチを開く五つの間と,東西両端の側室とからなる部分をのこしている。しかし,本来は,これらの側室の東西にも,さらに,アーチが連なっていたものと思われる。この建物の北面の柱や壁面が,つよい傾斜をもっているのが特徴的である。この建物に,トゥグルク朝時代の特徴がつよくうかがわれることからみれば,本来は,ビジャイ・マンディルと同時代に,関連をもって建てられたものと推定される。しかし,この建物には,デリー諸王朝時代後期の特徴を示す補修・改築のあとも認められる。ASIは,これを,ローディー朝の聖者のハーンカーであるとする推測について記しているが,あるいは,この時代になって,宗教活動に利用されるようになったのかもしれない。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅷ-34;ASI.Ⅲ-272,273,274 2015-18 Survey This complex is managed by ASI but except for the buildings, it is neglected and overgrown with weeds. It is located north of M4 and its west wall lies on the same axis as the M4 qibla wall, showing clearly that it is somehow related to M4. The M4 zenana projects out to the north. The section located in Bigampur village was formerly a palace area that connected with the large mosque.The site is quite large and in a rectangular shape longer in the north-south direction. It can be divided into the lower-level, north rectangle (90m north-south by 60m east-west) and the higher-level, south rectangle (70m square). The south rectangle can be further divided into the south courtyard (50m east-west by 35m north-south), and the grounds of a two-story building in the north (measuring 70m east-west by 35m north-south, whose east half is now in ruins). On the latter site, a domed structure supported by walls projects out from the center of the west side. [現状]考古局が管理し、建物以外の部分は草が茂り、放置されたままである。[宮殿建築]M4の北に位置し、O6西壁はM4のキブラ壁と同一線上にのり、M4と関連性は明らかである。M4ザナナ部分は北に突出し、Bigampur集落部分は、大モスクと連結する宮殿地域であった。遺構の範囲はかなり広く、南北に長い矩形で、一段低い北の矩形(南北90m東西60m)と、高い南の矩形(70m四方)に分けられる。南の矩形は、さらに南の中庭(東西50m南北35m)、北に2階建物の敷地(東西70m南北35m、現在東半分は崩壊)に分けられる。後者の敷地西辺中央に壁式ドーム建築が突出する。[壁式ドーム建築]東を閉じ、3方に2箇所ずつアーチを開ける。内径9.5mの大ドームで、内部ではスクインチ・アーチで8角形を導き、持送で円とし、ドーム下部四方に小開口部をもつ。外観には16角形ドラムを立上げ、頂部飾をまわし、ドームに16条の放射線を描く。ドラムはドーム下部周に突出部を設ける特殊な形態をもつ。西から北にかけて基壇部には、厚さの異なる東西に走る壁体を数本、上部に矩形礎石を確認できるので、西側に部屋があったのかもしれない。基壇内の空間が何のために用いられたのかは不明である。[2階建物] 隅切矩形の2階を要に１階はL字型平面をなす。西は開口部のない壁面とする。1階には、切石柱の上にクロス・ヴォールトをのせる部屋や、周囲に太いピアをもつ部屋などがある。2階へは南西隅からアクセスし、2階は外側が隅切り正方形、内側が十字形の部屋とする。Anthony Welch論文には、ドームをいただく建物とともに平面図が掲載される。[北の矩形] 最北端に北壁と列柱廊が残り、広大な中庭があったと推察される。東西に長い列柱廊は、宮殿機能を失った後に墓地となり、内部北側にG71がある。Monuments of Delhiでは5ベイで東西に小室を備え東西28m南北6.6m。 (Paragraphs 2nd to 4th from the 2015-18 Survey translated with Google Translate) [Walled dome building] Closed on the east, with two arches on each of the three sides. It is a large dome with an inner diameter of 9.5m, and inside it is an octagonal shape with squinch arches, a circle with corbels, and small openings on all four sides of the bottom of the dome. On the outside, a 16-sided drum is raised, with a top ornament around it, and 16 radial lines are drawn around the dome. The drum has a unique shape with a protruding part around the bottom of the dome. From the west to the north, several walls of different thicknesses running east to west can be seen on the base, and a rectangular foundation stone can be seen on the top, so there may have been a room on the west side. It is unclear what the space in the base was used for. [Two-story building] The first floor is L-shaped, with the second floor being the key, with a rectangular corner cut. The west wall has no openings. On the first floor, there is a room with a cross vault on cut stone pillars and a room with thick piers around it. The second floor is accessed from the southwest corner, and the second floor is a room with a square corner cut on the outside and a cross-shaped room on the inside. Anthony Welch's paper will include a plan of the building with the dome on top. [Northern Rectangle] At the northernmost end, the north wall and colonnade remain, and it is assumed that there was a vast courtyard. The colonnade, which runs east to west, became a cemetery after it lost its function as a palace, and G71 is located on the northern side of the interior. According to the Monuments of Delhi, it has five bays, with small rooms on both the east and west sides, and is 28m east to west and 6.6m north to south. Map Reference: Grid ref. G-12IOC Reference: O06, Ⅷ-34ASI Reference: Ⅲ-272,273,274Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/38SR-FHXJ Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Bijai Mandil, Palace Complex (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey This mosque is built at the northern end of the Ḥauẓ Khāṣ tank, adjoining a madrasa (Map O. 24, Ill. 155b-157) situated on the eastern and southern sides of the tank. It has a prayer hall nine bays wide and one bay deep and arcades on the north and south sides, each four bays wide and two bays deep. The northern one has fallen into ruin. The middle five bays of the prayer hall have a five-arched facade in front of the miḥrāb, and a divided staircase leads down to the tank from the exterior of the central one through a square, domed chatrī (pavilion). The other four have oriel windows open to the west, and similar windows can be seen in the adjoining prayer rooms. The front courtyard of the mosque is surrounded by walls and there is a square domed gateway on the southeastern side. Period II.IOC: VI-11-3; ASI: III-310. ハウズ・ハース(Hauẓ Khāṣ)のモスクとよぶ。ハウズ・ハースの貯水池の東南隅にある。附図.G-11 このモスクは、ハウズ・ハースの貯水池に沿い,マドラサの北につづいて建てられ,間口9間・奥行1間の礼拝室と,南北両端から東に張り出す,それぞれ,間口4間・奥行2間の袖室とからなっているが,北の袖室は,すでに崩壊している。礼拝室の九つの間のうち,中央をふくむ五つの間は,そのミフラーブの位置が,背面にまで貫かれており,中央のものは,ドームをいただく四角平面のチャハトリに通じ,そこから左右にわかれる階段によって貯水池の水面に達する。他の四つは,張り出し窓になっているが,同じようなものは,南北両端の側壁にも認められる。このモスクの前庭は,囲壁によってとり囲まれており,その東南隅には,ドームをいただく四角平面の門が設けられている。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅵ-11-3;ASI.Ⅲ-310 (1st line from the 1959-62 Survey is translated using Google Translate)It is called the Hauẓ Khāṣ Mosque. It is located in the southeast corner of the Hauẓ Khāṣ reservoir. 2015-18 Survey In 2015, this had become privatized, despite it being in an area designated by ASI, and we could not enter. In 2018, it was undergoing repair as part of a plan to open the monument to the public. [現状]2015年には私有化が進み、立ち入ることはできなかった。2018年には修復工事が開始され、一連の遺跡として公開される予定である。[平面]O24の礼拝室として建設され、西壁が湖に面するためキブラ壁に開口が多く、周囲に湖へ降りる階段が続く。南東隅に門があり、本来は南からアクセスした。現在、東壁はないが、本来は壁で囲まれた内庭西に、南北廊を突出させた礼拝室で、礼拝室は間口9間奥行1間と浅く、南北廊は間口3間奥行2間。[外観]中庭面に2本柱、折曲部に4本柱を用い、1間毎の両端に雲形持送を持ち、その上に横架材を渡し、軒板を張り出す。礼拝室西面中央ミフラーブの背後に床を張り出し、開放的な4柱式ドーム建築が続き、そこから左右に湖への階段が続く。建物外側は装飾的で、中央から南北に2番目のミフラーブ背後はアーチ型開口窓、3番目のミフラーブ背後は持送上に2本の切石柱をもつ出窓とする。南北面の西端にも同様な出窓をもつ。建物全体に頂部飾は見当たらない。[内観]それぞれのベイにクロイスター・ヴォールトをかける。[門]正方形の壁式ドーム建築で四方に開口する。外観は8角形ドラムを立上げ、ドームとし、頂部飾は残らない。南が正面で、中央に突出・立上げた枠内に開口アーチを設け、梁をかけ下部を楣式の入口とする。内部はスクインチ・アーチに、円形ドラムを介し、ドームがのり、一部にスタッコ装飾が残る。 (Paragraphs 2nd to 5th from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] It was built as a prayer room for O24, and since the west wall faces the lake, there are many openings in the qibla wall, and stairs leading down to the lake continue all around. There is a gate in the southeast corner, and it was originally accessed from the south. There is no east wall now, but originally it was a prayer room with a north-south corridor protruding into the west of the walled inner courtyard. The prayer room is shallow, with a width of 9 bays and a depth of 1 bay, and the north-south corridor is 3 bays wide and 2 bays deep. [Exterior] Two columns are used on the courtyard side and four columns at the bend, with cloud-shaped corbels at both ends of each bay, with horizontal members on top and overhanging eaves. A floor is overhanging behind the mihrab in the center of the west side of the prayer room, and an open four-columned dome building continues, from which stairs to the lake continue on both sides. The exterior of the building is decorative, with an arched opening window behind the second mihrab from the center to the north and south, and a bay window with two cut stone columns on the corbels behind the third mihrab. There are similar bay windows at the west end of the north and south faces. No ceiling decorations are found on the entire building. [Interior] A cloister vault is placed on each bay. [Gate] A square wall-type dome building with openings on all four sides. The exterior is a dome made by raising an octagonal drum, and no ceiling decoration remains. The front faces south, and an opening arch is set within a protruding and raised frame in the center, with beams supporting a lintel-style entrance at the bottom. Inside, a dome is placed over a squinch arch via a circular drum, and some stucco decorations remain. Map Reference: Grid ref. G-11IOC Reference: M11,&nbsp;VI-11-3ASI Reference: III-310Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/L9ME-FDJ2 (The Survey Descriptions have been translated using Google Translate) Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Hauz Khas Masjid (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey Known widely as the tomb of Ghayāth al-Dīn Tughluq. Located south of Tughluqābād Fort, to the south of Quṭb Badarpur Road. Grid ref. J-13This building stands in the northwestern interior of a small fortress built on a natural bedrock foundation and in the shape of a scalene pentagon. The building itself has a square plan, external dimensions of 18.9 by 18.9 m, a miḥrāb on the west, and entrances on the other three sides. The red sandstone covering the steeply inclined walls, together with the white marble used for the arch of the central entrance, four small decorative window-like elements, and the expanse of the dome add up to a beautiful exterior. The interior too employs this color scheme, with red for the lower part of the walls and white for the higher surfaces leading up to the dome. The floor is laid with red sandstone. There are three tombstones in a row; the center is said to be the tomb of Sultan Ghayāth al-Dīn, and the other two, the tombs of his queen Makhdum Jahan and his son, the sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq. It is quite certain that Ghayāth al-Dīn was buried here, but there is still room for debate about the tomb of Muhammad Shāh, his successor.The wall surrounding this building has four bastions, a row of narrow spaces on the wall surface, and a succession of numerous small rooms inside. In the north bastion, there is a structure with an octagonal plan said to be the tomb of Zafar Khān, and in the west bastion, there are traces of another structure with an octagonal plan. In the southeast bastion, there appears to have been an underground storeroom. In the south surrounding wall, there is a room with equipment to draw water from a well outside the walls. The entrance to the fortress is on the east side of the north bastion; its front courtyard and the Tughluqābād fortress are connected by a bridge-like passage that probably dates from the same period. Period II.IOC: X-4-1; ASI: IV-2 ガヤースッディーン=トゥグルク(Ghayath al-DinTughluq)の墓として,ひろく知られており,トゥグルカーバード城砦の南方,クトゥブ・バーダルプル=ロードの南側にある。附図.J-13この建物は,自然の岩盤を利用して,その上に構築された,不等辺五角形の小さな城砦の内部の,北西寄りのところに立っている。外辺18.9メートルの四角平面の建物で,西にミヒラーブをそなえ,他の三方に入口を開いている。つよい傾斜をもつ壁面は,赤い砂岩でおおわれ,中央入口のアーチとその周辺や,四つの小窓風の飾りに用いられた白い大理石が,ドームをおおう一面の白大理石とともに,この建物の外観に,効果的な美しさをそえている。内部もまた,壁面の下の部分には赤を,上の部分からドームにつづく面には白をというように,配色への考慮が払われている。赤い砂岩を敷きつめた床面には,3基の墓石が並んでいるが,中央のものが,スルターン=ガヤースッディーンの墓とされ,他の二つは,その妃マフドゥーム=ジャハーンと,その子のスルターンにムハンマド=ビン=トゥグルクの墓と伝えられている。ガヤースッディーンが,ここに葬られたことは,ほとんど疑いないところであろうが,その後継者であるムハンマド=シャーの墓とされるものについては,なお,議論の余地がのこされている。この建物をとり囲む囲壁は,四つのバスティオンをもち,壁面に狭間の列が並んでいる。囲壁の内部は,多くの小部屋を連ねている。北側のバスティオンの内部には,八角平面の,ザファル=ハーンを葬ったとされる墓建築があり,また,西側のバスティオンの内部にも,同じく,八角平面の建物の痕跡が認められる。さらに,東南のバスティオンは,地下が貯蔵庫となっていたらしい。囲壁の南側には,外側にある井戸から水を汲みあげる施設をもつ部屋がある。この城砦の入口は,北のバスティオンの東側にあり,その前庭とトゥグルカーバードの城砦とは,おそらくは同時代の,橋を思わせる通路によって結ばれている。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅹ-4-1;ASI.Ⅳ-2 2015-18 Survey This structure is managed by ASI along with Tughluqabad Fort. There are not many marked differences from 1959-62, but architectural lighting has been added, the enclosed space is covered by a lawn, and the square burj in the center of the fort’s south side is used by ASI as an office. The palace section of O2 and the T6 fort are open to tourists. [現状]Tughluqabad城塞とともに、ASIが管理する。1959-62年との相違は、それほど顕著ではないが、ライトアップのための照明が加わり、城砦に囲まれた部分が芝生敷きとなり、南辺中央の方形のボルジュが考古局の事務室として使われる。なお、O2の宮殿部とT6の要塞は観光客用に公開され、参観のためにはチケットが必要である。[平面]4角形平面で、西面にミフラーブ、それ以外の3方を開口し、ドームをのせる。石積みは厚い層と薄い層を交互に繰り返す。T6を囲むひしゃげた5角形の要塞は、5つのボルジュをもち、北の一つが周廊付8角形墓建築T7となり、おそらく西のボルジュも未完成の同様な周廊付8角形墓建築であった。[外観]壁は内転びで、全体が赤砂岩と白大理石で装飾され、白大理石のドームは、8角形の浅いドラムにのる。[内観]スクインチ・アーチを用い、2重アーチとする点はT3同様で、下のアーチのコの字型枠取り上に小アーチを分節する。隅に3段の持送(角と平)を挿入しスクインチ・アーチ内は一曲面とする。 (Paragraphs 2nd to 4th from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] It has a square plan, with a mihrab on the west side, and the other three sides are open and topped with a dome. The stonework alternates between thick and thin layers. The distorted pentagonal fort surrounding T6 has five borj, the northern one being the octagonal tomb building T7 with a gallery, and the western borj was probably a similar unfinished octagonal tomb building with a gallery. [Exterior] The walls are inverted, and the whole is decorated with red sandstone and white marble, and the white marble dome rests on an octagonal shallow drum. [Interior view] It uses a squinch arch, and is double-arched like T3, with a small arch segmented on the U-shaped frame of the lower arch. Three corbels (angle and flat) are inserted at the corners, and the inside of the squinch arch is made into a single curved surface. Map Reference: Grid ref. J-13IOC Reference: T006, X-4-1ASI Reference: IV-2Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/9FUN-7XEZ Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Tomb of Ghayath al-Din Tughluq (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey Located approximately 100 m south from the southeast corner of the Ḥawẓ Khāṣ ruins. Grid ref. G-11This graveyard is built on a plinth and has a wall mosque with side walls and seven miḥrābs. There appeared to be once a gate on the east. There are bastion-like towers with small domes on both ends of the wall mosque; the south tower has fallen along with part of the wall. Period II.IOC: VI-21; ASI: III-319 ハウズ・・ハースの東南隅の遺跡群の南方約100メートルにある。附図.G-11この墓地は,基壇の上にあり,七つのミフラーブと袖壁とをもつ礼拝壁をそなえており,東側に,門があったらしいが,現在では,失われている。礼拝壁の両端には,小さなドームをいただくバスティオン風の塔がついているが,南側のものは,礼拝壁の一部とともに,すでに崩壊してしまっている。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅵ-21;ASI.Ⅲ-319 2015-18 Survey Covered in white stucco and its plinth restored, this structure is preserved as a monument near a green belt. The burj on the south and the southernmost mihrab have been destroyed. Temporary lean-to dwellings have been built around the north burj and behind the mihrab wall. The east gate had already fallen by 1959-62; its shape and dimensions are unknown. [現状]白色スタッコを塗り、基壇を整備し、緑地帯近くのモニュメントとして保存される。南側ボルジュと最南端のミフラーブは破却され、北側ボルジュの近傍およびミフラーブ壁裏には、差し掛け仮設住宅が設置される。1959-62年には、東門はすでに存在せず、形状は不明である。[壁モスク]基壇上にあり、西壁両端に8角形ボルジュ、袖壁、7つのミフラーブをもつ。中央ミフラーブ立上げはわずかで、その両端、および南北の端部から2つ目のミフラーブ両端、および袖壁端部に8角形タレットを立てる。 Map Reference: Grid ref. G-11IOC Reference: G05, VI-21ASI Reference: III-319Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/AAF2-E823 Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

7 Mihrab Graveyard at the South of Hauz Has (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey Known as Jahāṇpanāh Wall. It runs approximately 3.2 km in the east-northeast direction from the northeast corner of the Rā'i Pithōrā Fort wall. From there, it stretches to the north-northwest for about 1.6 km, where it joins the western end of the Sīrī Fort wall. There are also traces from the northwest corner of Rā’I Pithōrā wall, for about 1.2 km in the northeast direction. Grid ref. F-12, G-12, H-12There are distinct traces of stonework as well as large bastions remaining of the south wall in a straight line about 3.2 km long to the east-northeast from the northeast corner of Rā’i Pithōrā wall through Hauẕ Rānī village and Khiṛkī village. Part of this south wall also has a large sluice called Sātpulā, indicating that this structure was both a fort wall and a dam. Today there are also modern-day sluices and drains built in the wall. From contemporary historical sources, it is known that Jahāṇpanāh was built by the Tughluq Dynasty Sulṯān Muḥammad Shāh to connect Delhi (Rā’i Pithōrā Fort at that time) with Sīrī Fort in order to create a new city. Period II.IOC: VIII-48; ASI: III-214 ジャハーンパナー(Jahāṇpanāh)の城壁として知られている。ラーイ・ピトーラーの城砦の城壁の東北隅から,東北東に約3.2キロメートル走り,そこから,北北西に約1.6キロメートルのびて,スィーリーの城壁の西端につらなる。一方,ラーイ・ピトーラーの城壁の北西隅から,東北に約1.2キロメートルのあいだ,その痕跡をたどることができる。附図.F・G・H-12現在では,ラーイ・ピトーラーの城壁の東北隅から,ハウズ・ラーニー,キルキーの両部落を経て,東北東に一直線に,約3.2キロメートル走る南城壁に,明瞭な石積みや,大きなバスティオンの痕跡を認めることができる。この南城壁の一部に,サート・プラとよばれる大水門がつくられており,この南城壁が,同時に,堰堤の役割りをもはたしたことを示している。現在では,この南城壁のところどころに,近代の水門や排水路が設けられている。ジャハーンパナーは,トゥグルク朝のスルターン・ムハンマド・シャーが,当時のデリーすなわちラーイ・ピトーラーの城砦と,スィーリーの城砦とを結んで,新しい都市の建設計画を推進しようとして構築したものであることが,同時代の文献に記されている。第Ⅱ期。東研.Ⅷ-48;ASI.Ⅲ-214 2015-18 Survey Jahan Panah was a large city spanning 5.3km in the east-west direction and 2.2km in the north-south. South of Khirki village is Press Enclave Marg, which coincides with the south wall of the city of O5. The section that spreads east from the north of Rai Pithora is the north part of Qutb Golf Course, and forms a ribbon-shaped park with Press Enclave Marg. The city wall that stretches east from the northeast corner of Delhi Golf Course runs parallel to Press Enclave Marg on its north, partially forming another ribbon-shaped park.The eastern end crosses over Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg and enters Jahan Panah City Forest, curves in a U-shape around the new residential area called Greater Kailash, and connects with O1 north of Krish Vihar. This section is not part of any preservation plan.It is thought that the city wall that runs northeast from the northern end of Rai Pithora passes through the campus of the Indian Institute of Technology from the waterway west of Qutb Institutional Area’s Block C, continues to the intersection of Outer Ring Road and Aurobindo Marg, and goes through Block F Road in the Police Colony Block to connect with the burj on the west end of Shahpur Jat in O1. This part is also not preserved. [現状] Khirki集落南にPress Enclave Margがあり、O5の南市壁にあたる。Rai Pithora北から東へ向かう部分は、Qutb Golf Course北にあたり、Press Enclave Margが走り、帯状公園となる。Delhi Golf Course北東隅から東へ伸びる市壁は、Press Enclave Marg北側に並行し、部分的に帯状公園となる。東端は、Lal Bahadur Shastri Margを越えJahan Panah City Forestに入り、新興住宅地Greater Kailash内をU字にカーブしO1とKrish Viharの北で繋がり、ここで遺跡保存は考えられていない。Rai Pithora北端部から北東へと進む市壁は、Qutb Institutional AreaのBlock C西の水路からIndian Institute of Technology構内を通りOuter Ring RoadとAurobind Margの交差点へ進み、Police Colony Block内のBlock F Roadを通りO1のShahpur Jat 西端のボルジュと繋がったと思われ、この部分も保存されていない。Jahan Panahは、東西5.3km南北2.2kmにもおよぶ広大な都市域であった。 Map Reference: Grid ref. F-12, G-12, H-12IOC Reference: O05, VIII-48ASI Reference: III-214Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/7RBF-XEAU Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Jahanpanah Fort (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey This large and imposing mosque was built on a high terraced plinth with a large number of vaulted cells on all three levels. At present all that remains is the west wall, with five recesses for miḥrābs in the central section, as well as portions of other walls. Originally the prayer hall was three bays deep and opened onto a courtyard. The main entrance gateway is a domed structure projecting out on the northern side. It stands at the top of a tall staircase, and has arches opening out on three sides. The mosque faced the Jamnā river, which then ran along the eastern part of the citadel (O. 7, Ill. 147-148). Contemporary records suggest the mosque was constructed during the reign of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Period II.IOC: II-4-1; ASI: II-116 フィーローズシャー・コートラー(Ferozshah Kotla; Fīrozshāh Koṭlā)のジャーマ・マスジドとよぶ。デリー門の東南約750メートル,マトゥラー・ロード(Mathura Road)の東約350メートル,フィーローズ=シャー=コートラの内部,宮廷地域の北の部分にある。附図.I-6 このモスクは,四周に数多くの部屋をめぐらす高い基壇の上に立っており,壮大な規模をもつものである。現在では,中央の部分に五つのミフラーブをそなえた西壁と,その他の壁の一部がのこっているにすぎないが,かつては,奥行3間の部屋が内庭をとり囲んでいたものと推定される。このモスクの北側には,ドームをいただく正門が張り出していて,高い階段をのぼって,その三方に開く入口に達することができる。このモスクは,フィーローズーシャー=コートラとして知られている城砦の東の部分の,もとジャムナー河に面して建てられたもので,同時代の史書の記述から,トゥグルク朝のフィーローズ=シャーの治世に建立されたものと推定される。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅱ-4-1;ASI.Ⅱ-116 (Paragraph 1st from the 1959 - 62 Survey translated using Google Translate)It is called the Jama Masjid of Firozshah Kotla (Firozshāh Koṭlā). It is located about 750 meters southeast of the Delhi Gate and about 350 meters east of Mathura Road, inside Firozshah Kotla, in the northern part of the palace area. Fig. I-6This mosque is magnificent in scale, standing on a high platform with numerous rooms surrounding it on all four sides. Currently, only the western wall with five mihrabs in the central part and parts of the other walls remain, but it is believed that once there were rooms three bays deep surrounding the inner courtyard. On the north side of the mosque, a domed main gate juts out, and one can reach the entrances opening on three sides by climbing a high staircase. This mosque was built facing the original Jamuna River in the eastern part of the fort known as Firoz Shah Kotra, and is presumed to have been built during the reign of Firoz Shah of the Tughluq Dynasty, according to contemporary historical records. Period II. IOC: II-4-1; ASI: II-116 2015-18 Survey This structure is preserved in the ruins park. Compared to the 1959-62 photos, the steps below the north gate have been repaired, the ablution facility in the northeast section outside the buildings has been excavated and preserved, and the east section outside the courtyard has been turned into a park. It is not used as a grand mosque but it appears that it is sometimes a place of worship, as there is a wooden minbar, a clock, mats, and other items in front of the mihrab. [現状]遺跡公園の中の建造物として保存される。1959•62年の写真と比較すると、北門下階段が修理され、建物外側北東部の沐浴施設が発掘・保存され、中庭の東外側は、公園化された。大モスクとしては使われていないが、ミフラーブの前には木製のミンバルや時計ゴザがあり、礼拝を行うこともあるようだ。[平面]間口11スパン、奥行3スパンの礼拝室で、他の3辺には奥行3スパンの回廊とする。M5(東西45m南北40m)は宮殿内のモスクで、M3(東西125m南北115m)やM4(東西95m南北91m)と比べると規模が小さい。礼拝室中央は間口5間奥行3間で3つのミフラーブが並ぶ。両脇3間は2層構成の服礼拝室で、1間ごとに下部に2アーチ、上部1アーチをもつ。副礼拝室北西隅の上方に斜めのアーチが残るので、間口奥行3スパンの副礼拝室上階に直径約11mの大ドームを計画したかもしれないが、壁面は建物の隅部に限られるため大ドームを支えることは困難で、礼拝室や回廊と同様の構成を取ったと思われる。柱は、ザナナ部分は一回り細い矩形柱で、中庭周囲は2本、4隅は4本を合わせる。[北門]北側階段上にドームをいただく壁式ドーム建築が残る。四方を開き、内部はスクインチ・アーチで8角形を導き、隅に立方体と梁状の持送を入れ、円形を導く。スクインチ・アーチ内は2曲面からなり、M4の門等と類似する。 (Paragraphs 2nd &amp; 3rd from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] The prayer room is 11 spans wide and 3 spans deep, and the other three sides are corridors with 3 spans deep. M5 (45m east-west, 40m north-south) is a mosque within the palace, and is smaller in scale than M3 (125m east-west, 115m north-south) and M4 (95m east-west, 91m north-south). The center of the prayer room is 5 bays wide and 3 bays deep, with three mihrabs lined up. The three bays on both sides are two-story dressed prayer rooms, with two arches at the bottom and one arch at the top for each bay. As a diagonal arch remains above the northwest corner of the secondary prayer hall, it is possible that a large dome with a diameter of approximately 11 meters was planned for the upper floor of the secondary prayer hall, which has a width and depth of three spans. However, as the wall surface is limited to the corners of the building, it would have been difficult to support a large dome, and it is thought that a similar structure to the prayer hall and cloister was adopted. The columns are rectangular, slightly thinner than the zanana part, with two around the courtyard and four at the four corners. [North Gate] A wall-type dome building with a dome on top remains above the northern stairs. Open on all four sides, the interior is octagonal with squinch arches, and cubes and beam-like corbels at the corners lead to a circle. The inside of the squinch arch consists of two curved surfaces, similar to Gate M4. Map Reference: Grid ref. I-16IOC Reference: M05, II-4-1ASI Reference: II-116Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/WB9C-KHNX Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Jami Masjid at Firuz Shah Kotla (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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1959-62 Survey This mosque consists of a prayer hall three bays deep and eleven bays long on the western side of a central courtyard, surrounded by arcades one bay deep around the north, south and east sides, from which gateways project. Two covered aisles connect the south and north gateways and the east gateway and the central portion of the prayer hall, dividing the interior courtyard into four squares. Tapering circular turrets like minarets are built on the four corners of the mosque, and also flank the three gateways and the central miḥrāb at the rear. Small domes top the prayer hall, the arcades and the interior aisles. More than half of them are now in a ruinous condition. A dedicatory inscription over the east gateway is dated 772 A.H. (1370-71) and records the name of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq. Period II.IOC: III-13; ASI: I-240 カーリー=マスジッド(Kālī Masjid)として知られており,ニザームッディーン・オーリヤーの墓の南南東約200メートルにある。附図.I-9 内庭の西側に,間口11間・奥行3間の礼拝室があり,他の三方を,奥行1間の廻廊がめぐっている。東・南・北の三面には,それぞれ門が張り出しており,内庭は,南門と北門,東門と礼拝室の中央の間を結ぶ二つの通路によって四分されたかたちになっている。このモスクの四隅と,三つの門および中央ミフラーブの背後の左右両側には,それぞれ,ミーナール風の小塔がそえられている。礼拝室・廻廊および通路のすべての間には,小さなドームがのせられているが,現在では,その過半数が崩壊してしまっている。 東門の入口の上方に掲げられている碑文には,772A.H.(1370-71A.D.)の年次と,トゥグルク朝のフィーローズ・シャーの名とが記されており,このモスクの建立の時期を示している。第Ⅱ期。 東研.Ⅲ-13;ASI.Ⅱ-240 (1st line of 1959 - 62 Survey translated using Google Translate)It is known as the Kali Masjid and is located about 200 meters south-southeast of the tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya. 2015-18 SurveyThis is in use as a mosque. The arcade in the courtyard that was collapsed in 1959-62 has been repaired and covered entirely in stucco. Some sections have been repaired in a revivalist style, but there is also modern construction using ferro concrete pillars and slabs, such as the north side of the prayer hall and the ablution facility of the northeast courtyard. [現状] モスクとして使われ、1959-62年には崩れていた中庭内の回廊が修復され、全体がスタッコで上塗りされる。修復部分は、復古的な様式で復元された部分もあるが、礼拝室北側や、北東の中庭部の沐浴施設部分などは鉄筋コンクリートの柱とスラブを用いた現代的様式で新築される。[平面]M5同様にグリッド状に柱を立てる平面構成で、以後のモスクではこの方式がとられることが多い。東西12間、南北11間で、西辺以外の3辺中央に壁式ドーム建築の門を突出する。西側を間口11間奥行3間の礼拝室とし、中庭に幅1間の回廊をコの字型に回し、中庭を直交する回廊で4分する。分割された中庭は間口4間奥行3間となる。中庭内に回廊を挿入する例は、デリー以外の他のイスラーム圏にはない。室外に面する部分には柱を2本、あるいは4本組み合わせピアの役割を持たせ、スラストを受け止める工夫が見られる。ただし、中庭を東西に横切る廊では、例外的に中庭に面する部分は1本柱とする。[外観]高い基壇上に建設する点はM3からM5と同様で、3つの門とミフラーブ背後、および建物の4隅に両端に先すぼまりの塔型をもつ。M4やM5の壁式ドーム建築門とは異なり、M4イーワーンや壁モスクに多用された塔型を用いる。[内観]中庭の軒は、1間毎、両端と中央の2つの持送上にのる。内部架構は全てのベイにペンデンティブ状で半球形ドームをのせ、外観にドームを立上げる。3つの門は四方に開き、内部はスクインチ・アーチで8角形を導き、隅に立方体と梁状の持送を入れ円形を導く。スクインチ・アーチ内は一曲面とする。 (Paragraphs 2nd to 4th from the 2015-18 Survey are translated using Google Translate)[Plan] Like M5, it has a grid-like structure of columns, and this method has been adopted in many mosques since then. It has 12 bays from east to west and 11 bays from north to south, and a wall-type dome-style gate protrudes from the center of the three sides except for the west side. The west side is a prayer room with a width of 11 bays and a depth of 3 bays, and a one-bay corridor runs around the courtyard in a U-shape, dividing the courtyard into four parts with corridors crossing at right angles. The divided courtyard is 4 bays wide and 3 bays deep. There are no examples of corridors being inserted into a courtyard in other Islamic countries other than Delhi. In the part facing the outside, two or four columns are combined to act as piers, and a device is seen to withstand thrust. However, in the corridor that crosses the courtyard from east to west, the part facing the courtyard is exceptionally made up of a single column. [Exterior] Like M3 to M5, it is built on a high platform, and has three gates and a tapered tower at both ends behind the mihrab, and at the four corners of the building. Unlike the wall-type dome-architecture gates of M4 and M5, it uses a tower type that is often used in M4 iwans and walled mosques. [Interior] The eaves of the courtyard rest on two corbels, one at each end and one in the center, for every bay. The internal structure has pendentive-shaped hemispherical domes on all bays, and a dome rises on the exterior. The three gates open on all four sides, and the interior is octagonal with squinch arches, and cubes and beam-shaped corbels are placed at the corners to create a circle. The inside of the squinch arch is a single curved surface. Map Reference: Grid ref. I-0IOC Reference: M06, Ill. 17-18ASI Reference: I-240Archived IOC Site Record: https://perma.cc/FLF3-ACER Mission Credit Line : Mission for Indian History and Archaeology, University of Tokyo, in 1959-60 , 1961-62: the Resurvey of the Delhi Monuments, Research and Information Center for Asian Studies, Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo in 2015-18.

Kali Masjid (Mission for Indian History and Archaeology)

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Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

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New in 2025: Sites

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