This collection allows you to go directly to examples of architecture designed by women.

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Women in Architecture: The Sites

It is a fact that women are underrepresented in the field of architecture throughout most of the world. In 2014 a sector study by the Architects Council of Europe1 found that 39% of those working in the profession were women. In the United States a report by the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture2 noted that while 40% of those enrolled in degree programs in architecture were women, only 21% of those working in the field were. While reliable statistics for the profession are not available for Muslim societies writ large, the situation is certainly similar if not worse, depending on the country. Nonetheless, throughout the region there are many examples of women are prominent architects that have had a significant impact in the field. For example, in the 13th cycle (2013-2016) of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA), women played a significant role in 4 of the six projects to&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/collections/1215/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">receive the award</a>. Indeed, a woman was among the recipients of the first&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/collections/139" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">AKAA Cycle in 1980</a>, and another served on the jury. This collection is created to celebrate the role of women in the architecture of Muslim societies throughout history.&nbsp;&nbsp;It should be noted that it is not new for women to play a role in shaping the built environment of Muslim societies. At various points in history women have been patrons of construction projects, including <a href="http://archnet.org/sites/1730" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Jami’ al-Qarawiyyin</a> (857/242 AH) in Fes, <a href="http://archnet.org/sites/1803" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Madrasa al-Firdaws</a> (1235-1236/633 AH) in Aleppo, and the <a href="http://archnet.org/sites/2536" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Khayr al-Manazil Masjid</a> (1561-62/968-69 AH) in Delhi.&nbsp;For more examples, see the collection <a href="http://archnet.org/collections/855" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Women as Patrons</a>.&nbsp;The primary focus of this collection, however, is women architects and designers from the 20th century to today. The collection grew from the 2013 video <a href="http://archnet.org/media_contents/89774" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Arab Women in Architecture</a>, created by the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/admin/collections/856/edit#" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Center for the Study for the Built Environment</a>. The film is documents some of the exciting work being done by women in the countries of the Middle East, as well as the challenges they face. In the collection you will find <a href="http://archnet.org/collections/855" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">profiles of the architects and designers </a>represented in the video and others from throughout the Muslim world, as well as samples of buildings designed by women. Currently being uploaded is the collection <a href="http://archnet.org/collections/850" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Women in Modern and Contemporary Territories of Turkish Architecture</a>, an expansive research project developed by <a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2975/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Dr. Meral Ekincioglu</a>. This project, like all aspects of this collection, is a project under development that will continue to grow and take shape as we move forward. We welcome your <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">comments and participation</a>.&nbsp; NOTES:&nbsp;1. "The Architectural Profession in Europe 2014 – ACE Sector Study." Sector Study: ACE. Accessed March 07, 2015.<a href="http://www.ace-cae.eu/activities/publications/sector-study/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.ace-cae.eu/activities/publications/sector-study/</a> .2. "Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture." Women. Accessed March 07, 2015. <a href="http://www.acsa-arch.org/resources/data-resources/women" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.acsa-arch.org/resources/data-resources/women</a>. -updated 6 March 2013

Women in Architecture

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Iran

Persian
carpets are world renowned, and bricks have a strong relationship with Iranian
historical architecture. Here they are fused into a contemporary facade that
appears as a collection of intricately interwoven modules. Creating a small and
low budget apartment building in Tehran does not leave much space for
creativity, yet an architect can try to do something with the material,
textures, outer envelope and light. In light of that, a modern interpretation
of the ancient mashrabiyya was
conceived by using the bricks available on the local market. In order to reduce
costs in the construction of this five-storey building, unskilled workers,
unable to read technical drawings, were employed instead of master craftsmen.
All the construction data was transformed into simple instructions to be
recited by the supervisor during every fixing, resulting in a protruding
irregular geometry, designed brick by brick, a system invented by watching
carpet weavers in traditional workshops. The building has been entirely covered
with a mesh of bricks impaled on rod bars as contiguous pearl necklaces. The
distances between the bricks have been adjusted to create an opaque effect,
through which light does not pass, while when there is a window behind the
mesh, it becomes a transparent grid. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

40 Knots House

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Lebanon

On the corner of the prestigious shopping street of Hamra and Saddat street, we designed a nine-unit, commercial development, in keeping with the context. The design continues the rhythm of the street and maintains its scale and street alignment while articulating this important corner in Ras Beirut. The building is a simple elegant frame of sand stone clad structure, typical building material of traditional buildings of Beirut. Large glass facades that allow unobstructed views into the shops, face north, bringing light right into the depth of the units. The top of the building is articulated with columns and beams forming an edge of a roof garden.<div>Source: Hana Alamuddin</div>

950 Hamra Street Center

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United Arab Emirates

<div>This is an award winning project in a competition to design a major mosque on the trunk of Al Jumeirah Palm in Dubai. The mosque was liberated from its traditional building typology, being itself constructed on a visionary new structure. The spiritual character is apparent in the indirect natural light filtered in the direction of Al Qibla. The detailed interiors as well manifest the modern contemporary approach in design.</div><div> </div><div>Source: Rula Yaghmour</div>

Abdul Rahman Siddique Mosque-Palm Jumeirah

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Türkiye

The agricultural research centre consists of an administrative block, containing offices, research laboratories and storage, along with two accommodation units. A projected third block may be added at a later date. The mother-and-daughter design team have based proportions, details and plan type on precedents found in vernacular architecture, but interpreted them in a contemporary way. The reinforced concrete skeleton is covered with exposed RC slabs, while the aluminium frames of the roof system carry both transparent and opaque roof surfaces. The massing of the building as a whole attempts to capture the 'horizontal harmony of nature'. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Agricultural Research Centre

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Saudi Arabia

Shamalat is a cultural space on the periphery of Diriyah, developed from an old mud house transformed by artist Maha Malluh. The renovation followed an experimental approach in two phases: restoration and addition. The project preserved significant elements of the original structure while introducing modern interventions. The restored sections included securing the existing mud walls, repairing jambs and lintels, and rebuilding foundations and roofs with improved waterproofing and fireproofing systems. The new extension lies within the footprint of the original courtyard and is built around the remaining original adobe fence, clad in warm white Riyadh limestone. The site functions as a gallery, artist residency, workshop, café and retail space, connecting the community through cultural exchange. The design accentuates the contrast between past and present, expressed through the juxtaposition of mud walls and concrete, symbolising the dialogue between historic and contemporary architecture. Shamalat emphasises the significance of storytelling, material continuity and adaptive reuse, reimagining historical narratives for contemporary engagement. The project engages with restoration practices that offer an alternative perspective on heritage conservation, aiming to integrate historic spaces into everyday life. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Shamalat Cultural Centre

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Recipient of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2004. Jerusalem has an extraordinarily long and varied history, but the urban fabric of the old city is threatened by overcrowding, lack of maintenance and poor services. The Old City of Jerusalem Revitalization Programme aims to rehabilitate the city, to preserve its heritage and to create a better quality of life for its inhabitants. It is a comprehensive project aimed at every aspect of human life, with several components, including restoration, training, education and raising public awareness. All these components are tied together to achieve an integrated and enduring revitalization. The body of completed works to date includes over 160 projects, all undertaken in close collaboration with local institutions, international organizations and funding agencies. The urban fabric has suffered from neglect, inappropriate use and inadequate services, with many people living in dilapidated buildings in unsanitary conditions. To address these issues the Welfare Association -- a Geneva-based non-governmental organization established in 1983 to support Palestinians in all development areas -- set up a technical office in Jerusalem in 1995. The office is composed of professionals from different fields: architecture, engineering, planning, economics and history. Its main aim is to implement a comprehensive programme for the rehabilitation of the old city, comprising a number of complementary components: a revitalization plan; emergency restoration; total restoration; training in conservation; a community outreach programme; and an information centre. The Old City Revitalization Plan forms the basis of the programme's work. A broad survey was carried out to identify the buildings most in danger and make proposals for their rehabilitation. The aim is not the immediate restoration of a contiguous quarter but interventions throughout the old city. Many of the projects are houses -- either single buildings of two or three storeys housing one or two families, or traditional residential complexes (hosh) of several units surrounding a courtyard and housing up to ten families. The programme also focuses on major public or religious buildings -- mosques, churches, madrasas (schools) and hostels -- some of which retain their original function, while others are adapted to a new use. Buildings are selected either for emergency or total restoration. Emergency restoration is normally a quick and limited intervention to solve particularly urgent problems that pose immediate health or safety risks, such as structural instability or water leakage. The duration of the projects varies from about three months for a small house to many years for non-residential projects; work on buildings of historic and architectural value is carried out slowly and sensitively and decisions are made with great care. Dar al Aytam is one such example, and this historical orphanage, comprising five monumental buildings from the Mamluk and Ottoman periods, including a soup kitchen and bakery established by the wife of Sultan Süleyman, is being upgraded incrementally as an educational institution. The other areas of the programme complement the restoration work to ensure the sustainability of the improvements. Training for architects, engineers, contractors and craftspeople is provided through short courses, internships and fellowships to study abroad. A community outreach programme encourages public awareness and participation in the rehabilitation process and organizes publications, meetings, workshops and lectures for schools, religious organizations, residents and users. Further components of the programme are also proposed: an information centre and a data bank of conservation professionals and organizations, and the Jerusalem Institute for the Preservation of Architectural Heritage in Palestine. By the end of 2003, eighty-two residential projects and twenty-six public and fifty-five commercial buildings had been restored through the programme, providing decent living conditions for residents, creating new spaces for the community and ensuring the preservation of the rich historic fabric of the old city. Jury Citation:"The programme has received an Award for its comprehensive approach towards sustaining the life of a community in its natural setting -- a life threatened by the deterioration of its physical, social and economic conditions.&nbsp;The project is successful in addressing several issues, including the restoration and rehabilitation of housing, as well as the adaptive reuse of historic buildings and monuments for new functions. The programme is notable for the training it provides in conservation for architects, engineers, contractors and craftspeople, and for the establishment of an information centre and a database for the old city, including documentation, surveys, research and studies. Finally, the project has created a community outreach programme to raise public awareness of the value of historic buildings and to encourage public participation in the process of rehabilitation and restoration.&nbsp;This effort is conducted under severe constraints, restoring the old city as a living, vibrant and beautiful environment. The process is meticulously conducted by a team of professionals motivated by their love of the place and its people. This is a project about dignity and self-esteem." Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Old City of Jerusalem Revitalisation Programme

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The pavilion is a demonstration project for traditional rammed-earth techniques adapted to contemporary technology. The façade rises 34 metres, and the building comprises 22 volumes that are made of prefabricated rammed-earth panels raised on a lightweight concrete frame. The pavilion contains 14 exhibition spaces, restaurants, shops, and offices arranged around a courtyard; an inner 'street' composed of a ramp connects all the exhibition spaces and is designed as a contemporary interpretation of traditional Moroccan medinas. The building was designed to operate in an arid environment, with ambient temperatures exceeding 45°C, high solar heat gain and occasional dust storms. Mechanical air-conditioning is kept to a bare minimum, by using passive strategies of climate control, such as the thickness of the earthen walls and the large central patio which naturally ventilates and cools the building. Originally built for the Expo Dubai 2020, the pavilion was designed from the outset with its afterlife in mind. Following the exhibition, the project is being adapted into a cultural facility named the House of Arts. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Morocco Pavilion Expo 2020 Dubai

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Pakistan

Every monsoon season, flooding and heat islands bring Karachi to a standstill. In this street of historic buildings, former living accommodation above shops had been transformed to offices and storage as families fled the high pollution, and a tangle of cables hid once-elegant façades. Yasmeen Lari’s intervention has transformed it into a flood-resistant, heritage-led eco-urban enclave whose success has already spawned similar projects elsewhere in the city. Low-carbon materials are used instead of concrete: brick walls and bamboo covers for underground channels dug to conceal cabling, and porous handcrafted terracotta cobbles. Rainwater is absorbed into the cobbled paving or channelled into aquifer wells to irrigate the four dense 'forests' planted along the middle of the street, which cool and clean the air and increase biodiversity. The cobbles are arranged in concentric circular patterns with feature tiles bearing images of Karachi heritage buildings, boosting local pride in them. The terracotta production for this paving has shown how craft revival can mitigate rural-urban migration, by providing enduring rural employment for a large number of people who were previously begging - mostly women. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Denso Hall Rahguzar Project

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Egypt

Located in El Dewir village, the Centre provides skills development services for the unemployed. Built across a sloping site, facilities include an exhibition space, auditorium, classrooms, library, cafeteria, administration offices, manager’s residence and an open-air theatre. Building users include Copts and Muslims of all age groups. The project, designed around a courtyard, uses concrete, bricks and a column-and-beam system of construction. Natural ventilation is enhanced by wind catchers. A ‘malkaf’ serves a dual purpose as a staircase to the entrance lobby. Local ‘dehara’ render facades and ‘azizi’ timber finishes weather well in the climate. Floors are of stone and granite.Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Ahmed Bahaa El Din Cultural Centre

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Morocco

As part of the rehabilitation of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/8398" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tiznit</a> and in particular of the médina, the rehabilitation of the natural basin, landscaped in the 16th and 17th centuries, includes a double circuit purifying and oxygenating water basins by a waterfall on one hand, and, on the other, directing water via a long irrigation channel to a pool feeding the surrounding gardens, evoking the original palm grove which today has doubled in size outside the walls. The idea is to give to the most vulnerable a public place of quality without sacrificing its history. This project for the restoration of the water tank has been studied by various educational institutes in Europe and North Africa. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Ain Zerka Watertank Rehabilitation

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Archnet is a community-powered resource that provides ready access to visual and textual material to facilitate teaching, scholarship, and professional work of high quality.&nbsp;This unparalleled resource continues to grow with both the addition of historic archives and documentation on contemporary trends shaping the built environment today.&nbsp;To better serve you, our user, in the study of art and architecture of Muslim societies, we continue to build our vast collection of sites, publications, images, and videos. To ensure a high level of scholarly content and accuracy in the information provided, we appreciate your expert feedback and, more importantly, your contributions..&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Please send comments, corrections, commendations, and other feedback to <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>If you find sites on Archnet to which you can contribute in compelling and meaningful ways, your generosity is most welcome. If you would be interested in contributing research, publications or other media to Archnet, please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite contributions of relevant, previously published, Open Access or copyrighted material for which you are able to grant Archnet a non-exclusive license. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite the contribution of syllabi, lesson plans, recorded lectures, or other material for our pedagogy project. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We welcome the donation of select archives based on our current editorial policies and priorities.&nbsp;If you have a collection you would like to bring to the attention of Archnet's editors, please send an email to: <a href="http://mailto: archnet-submission@mit.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.</li><li>Occasionally, Archnet editors issue calls for contributions on specific themes or of particular types of material. Follow those on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">website of AKDC@MIT </a>or <a href="https://mailchi.mp/17fc345bbd94/archnetakdc-updates" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">subscribe to our mailing list</a>.</li></ul> The breadth, depth, and quality of Archnet is oachieved through the generosity of numerous institutions and individuals listed on the respective pages throughout the site.&nbsp;We thank you for your generosity!

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Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

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<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

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