Archnet is a community-powered resource that provides ready access to visual and textual material to facilitate teaching, scholarship, and professional work of high quality.&nbsp;This unparalleled resource continues to grow with both the addition of historic archives and documentation on contemporary trends shaping the built environment today.&nbsp;To better serve you, our user, in the study of art and architecture of Muslim societies, we continue to build our vast collection of sites, publications, images, and videos. To ensure a high level of scholarly content and accuracy in the information provided, we appreciate your expert feedback and, more importantly, your contributions..&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul><li>Please send comments, corrections, commendations, and other feedback to <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>If you find sites on Archnet to which you can contribute in compelling and meaningful ways, your generosity is most welcome. If you would be interested in contributing research, publications or other media to Archnet, please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite contributions of relevant, previously published, Open Access or copyrighted material for which you are able to grant Archnet a non-exclusive license. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We invite the contribution of syllabi, lesson plans, recorded lectures, or other material for our pedagogy project. Please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We welcome the donation of select archives based on our current editorial policies and priorities.&nbsp;If you have a collection you would like to bring to the attention of Archnet's editors, please send an email to: <a href="http://mailto: archnet-submission@mit.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.</li><li>Occasionally, Archnet editors issue calls for contributions on specific themes or of particular types of material. Follow those on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">website of AKDC@MIT </a>or <a href="https://mailchi.mp/17fc345bbd94/archnetakdc-updates" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">subscribe to our mailing list</a>.</li></ul> The breadth, depth, and quality of Archnet is oachieved through the generosity of numerous institutions and individuals listed on the respective pages throughout the site.&nbsp;We thank you for your generosity!

Contribute

Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

Terms of use

<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs from earlier versions of Archnet still work?Yes, if they are from the version launched in January 2013. As of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

Need help?

Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

About

Hammad ibn Buluggin I

patron

palatial

palace

Algeria

Situated in the center of Qal'a Bani Hammad, the Dar al-Barh is a palace complex named for the ornamental lake to the south. &nbsp;<div> </div><div>Source:&nbsp;</div><div>“Dâr Al-Bahr (Palais Du Lac).”&nbsp;Qantara: Mediterranean Heritage.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=827&amp;lang=fr" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=827&amp;lang=fr</a>. Accessed 1 Mar. 2017. </div>

sandstone

lime

mortar

brick

stucco

Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, Ph.D.

Photographs of monuments from Algeria taken by Dr. Marilyn Jenkins-Madina circa 1972.

Algeria (Jenkins-Madina Archive)

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/b22d029b-2c3c-47e6-87a8-86449929ff4e/download

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/b22d029b-2c3c-47e6-87a8-86449929ff4e/iiif

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/b22d029b-2c3c-47e6-87a8-86449929ff4e/info

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/b22d029b-2c3c-47e6-87a8-86449929ff4e/inline

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/b22d029b-2c3c-47e6-87a8-86449929ff4e/preview

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/b22d029b-2c3c-47e6-87a8-86449929ff4e/thumbnail

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/b22d029b-2c3c-47e6-87a8-86449929ff4e/content

color slide

broken carved doors on ground

Qsar al-Bahr

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/03eb876f-4485-435e-bed1-34eed319345a/download

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/03eb876f-4485-435e-bed1-34eed319345a/iiif

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/03eb876f-4485-435e-bed1-34eed319345a/info

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/03eb876f-4485-435e-bed1-34eed319345a/inline

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/03eb876f-4485-435e-bed1-34eed319345a/preview

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/03eb876f-4485-435e-bed1-34eed319345a/thumbnail

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/03eb876f-4485-435e-bed1-34eed319345a/content

carved stone and brickwork

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/56fe3ba4-3886-42e4-8559-5732800be9ff/download

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/56fe3ba4-3886-42e4-8559-5732800be9ff/iiif

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/56fe3ba4-3886-42e4-8559-5732800be9ff/info

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/56fe3ba4-3886-42e4-8559-5732800be9ff/inline

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/56fe3ba4-3886-42e4-8559-5732800be9ff/preview

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/56fe3ba4-3886-42e4-8559-5732800be9ff/thumbnail

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/56fe3ba4-3886-42e4-8559-5732800be9ff/content

detail carved stone piece from door

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fa61d958-040e-439a-83da-a5f651c0f5c5/download

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fa61d958-040e-439a-83da-a5f651c0f5c5/iiif

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fa61d958-040e-439a-83da-a5f651c0f5c5/info

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fa61d958-040e-439a-83da-a5f651c0f5c5/inline

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fa61d958-040e-439a-83da-a5f651c0f5c5/preview

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fa61d958-040e-439a-83da-a5f651c0f5c5/thumbnail

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fa61d958-040e-439a-83da-a5f651c0f5c5/content

east entrance

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/caac2552-36a6-4c44-b438-c27b69772a84/download

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/caac2552-36a6-4c44-b438-c27b69772a84/iiif

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/caac2552-36a6-4c44-b438-c27b69772a84/info

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/caac2552-36a6-4c44-b438-c27b69772a84/inline

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/caac2552-36a6-4c44-b438-c27b69772a84/preview

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/caac2552-36a6-4c44-b438-c27b69772a84/thumbnail

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/caac2552-36a6-4c44-b438-c27b69772a84/content

piece of paving

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/45032c8a-fbbb-4053-baf2-41de283211ca/download

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/45032c8a-fbbb-4053-baf2-41de283211ca/iiif

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/45032c8a-fbbb-4053-baf2-41de283211ca/info

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/45032c8a-fbbb-4053-baf2-41de283211ca/inline

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/45032c8a-fbbb-4053-baf2-41de283211ca/preview

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/45032c8a-fbbb-4053-baf2-41de283211ca/thumbnail

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/45032c8a-fbbb-4053-baf2-41de283211ca/content

stone arches

The Qalat Beni Hammad is an imperial Islamic city, now ruined, which was constructed in central Algeria during the eleventh century CE (fourth century AH). The seat of the Hammadids after their independence from the Zirids and the Fatimids of Tunisia, the city was constructed beginning in 1007 CE (AH 397) by the founder of the Hammadid dynasty Hammad bin Buluggin I (reg. 1015-1028 CE / AH 406-419). The settlement grew quickly from the foundation of the original qalat, or fortress, into a thriving metropolis and cultural center. Qalat Beni Hammad attracted commercial caravans, scientists, artists, theologians, politicians, and poets to its fortified settlement in the Maadid mountains. A primary source description of the city from resident al-Bakri (1014-1094 CE / AH 404-487) and the historical account of Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406 CE / AH 732-808) attest to the city's military strength as well as its commercial and intellectual capital. The city reached the height of its regional influence during the rule of the later Hammadids at the end of the eleventh century, just before Hilalian incursions precipitated the decline of the city. The Qalat Beni Hammad is located in central northern Algeria, approximately 110 kilometers south of the Mediterranean coast and 190 kilometers southeast of Algiers. The site is adjacent to the small village of Sidi Mohammed el Fadhel, but the nearest city is the modern provincial capital M'sila, located 26 kilometers southwest of the complex, or 70 kilometers by road. The qalat is located on the Hodna plateau near the peak of Takarbust, the summit of which was enclosed by the large ring of fortifications defining the bounds of the walled city. The average height of the enclosed city is 990 meters above sea level, although the peak of Takarbust rises to 1418 meters above sea level at its highest point. The city is defensively located as to enable a clear view onto the Hodna plain 400 meters below and to the south, while mountain slopes border the settlement to the north, east, and west. The imperial complex as recognized by UNESCO covers approximately 150 hectares. In the centuries since the city's construction, most of the smaller and more modest structures have been lost due to a lack of preservation or inhabitation, but evidence of several major buildings is present. The mosque is located in the south of the walled city, near its longitudinal center. The mosque is quite large, with a rectangular plan measuring 56 meters wide east-to-west and 64 meters long north-to-south. The longitudinal axis of the mosque aligns with the north-south meridian. A minaret is located at the center of the north wall, while public entrances in the east and west walls open into the mosque courtyard. Bordered by arcaded galleries, the large sahn leads to the hypostyle prayer hall, which is divided by columns into a grid thirteen aisles wide and eight bays deep. The mosque featured a large maqsura, now destroyed, occupying an area five bays wide and four bays deep in front of the qibla niche on the south wall. The Qalat Beni Hammad mosque would be one of the largest in all of Algeria, were it not mostly demolished today. The Qasr al Manar, also known as the "Castle of the Beacon Light", is another architecturally significant building within Qalat Beni Hammad. A fortified projection of the eastern wall of the city, the Qasr al Manar is a large defensive structure at the edge of a cliff overlooking the Hodna plateau to the south. The stone masonry building is roughly cubic in dimension, measuring 30 meters wide east-to-west and 32 meters long north-to-south. Its imposing east elevation is composed of a series of silos, within which a two-year-supply of grain could be stored in case of siege. The fort also includes a large reception room with a domed ceiling at its uppermost level, which opens onto a rooftop terrace. Though essentially a military structure, the Qasr al Manar was designed to accommodate imperial diplomatic functions during times of peace. As evidenced by the fact that the Qasr al Manar was conceived as an adaptive space, the Qalat Beni Hammad was designed not purely according to defensive or pragmatic concerns; the city is also known for its succession of palatial pleasure gardens and entertainment spaces. The city is home to four palaces, each featuring asymmetrical, aggregative plans. The palaces were opulently appointed during the Hammadid era as the loci of intellectual, artistic, and political conversation within the city. The Qasr al Mulk, also known as the Qasr al Bahr, is the largest palace in the city and was used as the primary royal residence. The Qasr al Bahr derives its name from the vast bahr, or artificial sea, constructed to the east of the palace buildings. The bahr measures 64 meters wide east-to-west and 45 meters long north-to-south. It was used frequently in the eleventh century as the site of lavish nautical demonstrations, sporting events, and theatrical performances. Unfortunately, almost all of the structures visible today at the Qalat Bani Hammad have survived only as unroofed foundations of demolished structures. The only structure to persist beyond vestiges of a plan at ground level is the minaret of the qalat's great mosque. The minaret is a masonry structure composed of stone bricks laid in a coursed ashlar pattern. The square plan of the minaret recalls Andalusian examples, while the arrangement of the arches on its exterior likely derives from Fatimid Egypt. The south elevation of the tower features a tripartite organization, in which lobed arched openings in the central third of the wall are flanked by decorative blind arches with taller and narrower proportions. Originally the semi-circular blind arches on the south elevation were lined with polychrome tiles, while the other faces of the minaret were left as blank masonry surfaces. A rectangular doorway is set into the arched opening at the ground level, providing access to a narrow winding interior stair that leads to the upper levels of the tower. A small rectangular stone panel bearing a carved inscription and vegetal patterning is inset above the entrance portal. The lower six levels of the minaret stand today, with arched openings on the south elevation at the third, fourth, and fifth levels. The top of the minaret deteriorates into rubble 25 meters above the ground, and any balcony or decorative rooftop structures have been destroyed. Elsewhere in the complex, scattered fragments of the eleventh-century structure and its decorations have survived. Artworks include carved marble water channels, portions of frescoes inside the palaces, ceramic pottery, marble sculptures, crystal and glassware. Architectural remnants include carved stone friezes, carved stone and plaster muqarnas, and multicolored tiles created using various artisanal techniques. The recovered pieces reveal a wide range of artistic influences, including Fatimid Egypt, Samarra, Aghlabid Kairouan, and Andalusian Spain. The variety and scope of the collection of decorative elements uncovered through excavation are further indication of the artistic richness and multiculturalism of the Hammadid capital. 	 The Qalat Beni Hammad served as the capital city of the Hammadid dynasty until 1090 CE (AH 483), when threat of invasion by Hilalian Berbers caused Hammadid governor al-Mansur bin al-Nasir to abandon the city for Bejaia (modern-day Annaba, a coastal city 100 kilometers to the north). The settlement was destroyed just decades later during the Almohad conquest of 1152 CE (AH 547). Despite its size and political significance, the city stood for only 145 years, and was completely abandoned by the end of the twelfth century. The site was identified in the modern era by French historian Méquesse in 1886. Modern excavations of the site were first undertaken in 1908 CE under the direction of French archaeologist de Beylié. Later excavations were conducted between 1951 and 1952 CE by Lucien Golvin, and under Bourouiba after 1964 CE. The 150-hectare site of the Qalat Beni Hammad was designated an UNECSO World Heritage Centre in 1980. As of 2009, all of the structural remnants that were present upon World Heritage inscription thirty years prior had been preserved, though the site as a whole remains vulnerable to weathering and erosion. Though the complex is open to the public today, it is typically visited by only a few thousand tourists annually. Such low levels of pedestrian traffic on the site have aided conservation efforts over the past three decades. The site was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. Sources: Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. 35-36. <div> </div><div>Dachraoui, F. 2011. "Masila." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W.P. Henrichs. Brill: Brill Online. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).&nbsp;<a href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-5104" target="_blank">http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-5104</a>. [Accessed 18 March 2011]</div><div> </div><div>Ettinghausen, Richard, and Oleg Grabar.&nbsp;The Art and Architecture of Islam: 650-1250. New York: Penguin Books, 1987. 171-172. Golvin, L. 2011. "Kalat Bani Hammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W.P. Henrichs. Brill: Brill Online. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).&nbsp;<a href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-3814" target="_blank">http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_SIM-3814</a>. [Accessed 18 March 2011] Golvin, Lucien. Recherches Archeologiques a la Qal'a des Banû Hammâd. Paris: G.-P. Masionneuve et Larose. 1965.<div> </div><div>Ali&nbsp;Lafer "Site of Qal’at Bani Hammad" in&nbsp;Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers,&nbsp;2017. 2017.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;4;en" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;4;en</a></div><div> Michell, George. The Architecture of the Islamic World. London: Thames &amp; Hudson, 1978. 70, 219. Museum With No Frontiers. Ifriqiya: thirteen centuries of art and architecture in Tunisia. Vienna, Museum With No Frontiers, 2002. 25. "Qal'at Bani Hammad" The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Ed. Jonathan M. Bloom and Sheila S. Blair. © Oxford University Press 2009. The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). <a href="http://www.oxford-islamicart.com/entry?entry=t276.e751" target="_blank">http://www.oxford-islamicart.com/entry?entry=t276.e751</a>. [Accessed 18 March 2011] </div><div>“Qal'a Des Banû Hammâd (Ville Résidentielle Fortifiée).”&nbsp;Qantara Mediterranean Heritage,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=456" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=456</a>. Accessed 1 Mar. 2017. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2011. Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad. World Heritage List. <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/102" target="_blank">http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/102</a>. [Accessed 18 March 2011]</div></div>

Qal'a Bani Hammad

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fc1333c8-fd5c-4a5a-b112-8b47d6907a2b/download

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fc1333c8-fd5c-4a5a-b112-8b47d6907a2b/iiif

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fc1333c8-fd5c-4a5a-b112-8b47d6907a2b/info

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fc1333c8-fd5c-4a5a-b112-8b47d6907a2b/inline

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fc1333c8-fd5c-4a5a-b112-8b47d6907a2b/preview

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fc1333c8-fd5c-4a5a-b112-8b47d6907a2b/thumbnail

https://archnet-3-staging-iiif-cloud-52e731ed1e62.herokuapp.com/public/resources/fc1333c8-fd5c-4a5a-b112-8b47d6907a2b/content

Qsar al-Bahr
Qal'at Beni Hammad, Algeria

Location

Associated Names

Part of Site

Events

Dimensions

Additional Names

Site Types

Materials/Techniques

Qsar al-Bahr
Qal'at Beni Hammad, Algeria

Location

Images & Videos

Associated Names

Part of Site

Events

Dimensions

Additional Names

Site Types

Materials/Techniques

Qsar al-BahrQal'at Beni Hammad, Algeria

Location

Images & Videos

Associated Names

Part of Site

Events

Dimensions

Additional Names

Site Types

Materials/Techniques

Qsar al-Bahr
Qal'at Beni Hammad, Algeria