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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

About

Harthama  Ibn El Ayoun

patron

Al-Qayrawan 

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digital graphic

IAA708125

place

 Mohamed Bey El Mouradi

waterworks

well

Tunisia

Reconstruction

Construction

nouria

brick

stone

marble

wood

stucco

Russell Harris

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digital photograph

Kairouan. Bir Mar'ut

Bir Barouta

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Kairouan.  Bir Mar'ut. Exterior view. 

بئر بروطة

Original

Puits Barrouta

Translation (English)

Barouta Well

Sabil Barruta

سبيل بَرّوطة

<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2352" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline of Abbasid sites</a> اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّةُ,&nbsp;al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah &nbsp;&nbsp;In 750/132 AH there was a revolution against <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2350" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Umayyad</a> rule which began in eastern Iran and rapidly spread over the whole empire. The Umayyads were totally destroyed except for one prince who fled to Spain and established the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2351" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Umayyad dynasty in Spain</a>. The newly established Abbasids decided to move the capital from <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3603" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Damascus</a> to a city further east, first <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3909" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Raqqa</a> was chosen and then in 762/144 AH <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3469" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Baghdad</a> was founded by the Abbasid <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3463" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">caliph al-Mansur</a>. Baghdad grew to be one of the biggest and most populous cities in the world based around Mansur's famous round city. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 856/241 AH the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/8276" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">caliph al-Mu'tassim</a> was unhappy about clashes between the local population and his troops so he established a new capital further north on the Tigris at <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3929" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Samarra</a>. During this period the power of the caliphate began to decline and control over distant provinces was loosened. Several local dynasties grew up including the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2372" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tulunids</a> in Egypt, the Aghlabids in Ifriqiyya and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2371" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Samanids</a> in Khurassan (eastern Iran). Internal troubles in Samarra caused the caliph al Mu'tamid to move back to Baghdad in 889/275 AH; at this time Abbasid power outside Iraq was purely nominal. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 945/333 AH the Abbasids were replaced by the Shi'a <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2356" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Buwaihid</a> amirs as rulers of Iraq and Iran. For the next two hundred years the Abbasids remained nominal caliphs with no real authority. In the mid-twelfth century the Abbasids were able to reassert some authority when the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2374" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Seljuk</a> ruler Sultan Muhamad abandoned his siege of Baghdad. During the reign of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/9138" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Caliph al-Nasir</a> (1179-1225/574-626 AH) the Abbasids were able to gain control over much of present-day Iraq. The Mongol invasions and sack of Baghdad in 1258 dealt a final blow to the political aspirations of the Abbasids. Although Abbasid architecture covers a vast area from North Africa to western India, the majority of extant buildings are in the Abbasid homeland of Iraq. Abbasid architecture was influenced by three architectural traditions - Sassanian, Central Asian (Soghdian) and later, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Seljuk.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Many early Abbasid structures such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3827" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">palace of Ukhaidhir</a> bear a striking resemblance to Sassanian architecture, as they used the same techniques (vaults made without centering) and materials (mud brick, baked brick and roughly hewn stone laid in mortar), and built to similar designs (solid buttress towers). Central Asian influence was already present in Sassanian architecture but it was reinforced by the Islamic conquest of Central Asia and the incorporation of a large number of Turkic troops into the army. Central Asian influence is seen most clearly at Samarra where the wall paintings and some of the stucco work resemble that of the Soghdian palaces at Panjikent. The Abbasid architecture of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is essentially Seljuk architecture built with Iraqi materials.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition to the various influences upon it, early Abbasid architecture can be seen to have developed its own characteristics. One of the most notable features of the Abbasid cities of Baghdad and Samarra is their vast scale. This is most clearly demonstrated at Samarra with its extensive palaces and mosques stretched out for more than 40 km along the banks of the Tigris. The scale of the site led to the development of new forms: thus the great spiral minarets of the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3828" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Great Mosque</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3830" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abu Dulaf Mosque</a> were never repeated elsewhere (with the possible exception of the Ibn Tulun Mosque). Other developments had far-reaching consequences; for example, the three stucco types developed at Samarra rapidly spread throughout the Islamic world (e.g. the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3921" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abbasid mosque at Balkh</a> in Afghanistan) and continued to be used centuries later. Sources: Text from Petersen, Andrew. <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/126" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</a>. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. Additional Archnet Resources (incomplete):Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. “<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/13230" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">New Abbasid Cities Baghdad and Samarra</a>.” Lesson 5/22 presentation developed for the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1428" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme</a>, 2019. Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. “<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/13231" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Architecture of Empire The Abbasids</a>.” Lesson 6/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019. <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2528" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Early Islamic Gardens of Greater Syria: MEGT</a> Abbasid Rulers on Archnet: <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3463" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur</a>, ca. 714-775/95-158 AH<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/8276" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">al-Mu'tasim</a>, r. 833-842/218-227 AH<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/8283" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">al-Mutawakkil, </a> r. 847-861/232-247 AH<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/9126" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">al-Mu'tamid</a>, r. 870-892/256-279 AH<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/9138" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">al-Nasir li-Din Allah</a>, r. 1180-1225 Capital Cities on Archnet<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3774" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Kufa</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3469" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Baghdad</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3909" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Raqqah</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3831" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Merv</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3929" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Samarra</a> Find hundred of other record by searching Archnet using the term <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ0aW1lX3BlcmlvZCI6e30sInllYXIiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJBYmJhc2lkIiwiaWF0IjoxNjg3MjkwOTM3fQ.MYz95IjSQqvbvPukKbvX3KG2oPc2I9p_lJS5XucFzbE" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abbasid</a> Additional Resources:&nbsp; Bennison, Amira K. The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire. London: Tauris, 2009. Cook, Michael, ed. The New Cambridge History of Islam. 6 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Komaroff, Linda. “The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258).” HEILBRUNN TIMELINE OF ART HISTORY ESSAYS. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, October 2001. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm. Archived at <a href="https://perma.cc/JHX9-LVVQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/JHX9-LVVQ</a>. &nbsp; Saba, Matthew. Impermanent monuments, lasting legacies: The dār al-khilāfa of samarra and Palace building in early Abbasid Iraq. Reichert Verlag. 2022.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Abbasid

Tunisian dynasty: 1613-1702/1022-1114 AH Established by Murad Bey (مراد الأول), the dynasty ruled Tunisia on behalf of the Ottomans until the assassination of Murad II in 1702/1114 AH. Arabic: مراديةFrench: Mouradite

Bir Barouta
Kairouan, Tunisia

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Bir Barouta
Kairouan, Tunisia

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Bir BaroutaKairouan, Tunisia

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Bir Barouta
Kairouan, Tunisia