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Welcome to ARCHNET, an open access, interdisciplinary, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Focused on the built environment of Islamic civilizations past and present, we seek to:<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship and professional work by&nbsp;providing reliable information and ready access&nbsp;to vetted, high-quality textual and multimedia resources&nbsp;focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design,&nbsp;heritage&nbsp;conservation, economic and environmental sustainability, community development and resilience in the face of rapid change, and related topics.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions as it relates to architecture and urbanism.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries</a> (AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/50" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture</a> at Harvard and MIT.&nbsp;ARCHNET is developed and maintained by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

About

Eric Vo Toan

architect/planner

 Mohamed V

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digital graphic

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dedicatee

 Rabat

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IAA707935

place

funerary

mausoleum

Sharifian dynasties derive their legitimacy from prophetic descent. The first Sharifian dynasty was the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2362" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Idrisid dynasty</a> in the 8th c./ 2nd c. AH, but for our purposes the term refers to the two most recent ruling dynasties in Morocco, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ0aW1lX3BlcmlvZCI6e30sInllYXIiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiIiLCJib3VuZGluZ0JveCI6eyJub3J0aEVhc3QiOnsibGF0Ijo0Mi4wNzA0ODU1NDYwMTg2MSwibG5nIjoyNS42MDQ4NDgzNzV9LCJzb3V0aFdlc3QiOnsibGF0IjoxMS4yMjc5NTY2Mzg0NjE0OTIsImxuZyI6LTM3Ljg1MjE4Mjg3NX19LCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJzdHlsZV9wZXJpb2RzIjpbIlNhJ2RpZCJdfSwiaWF0IjoxNjg2MzQ2MjY2fQ.V4gc_DDDFD1TQ-KThXz9ETIEI3Gf5wRG8tSOB1xDv2c" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sa'di</a> and <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ0aW1lX3BlcmlvZCI6e30sInllYXIiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiIiLCJib3VuZGluZ0JveCI6eyJub3J0aEVhc3QiOnsibGF0Ijo0Mi4wNzA0ODU1NDYwMTg2MSwibG5nIjoyNS42MDQ4NDgzNzV9LCJzb3V0aFdlc3QiOnsibGF0IjoxMS4yMjc5NTY2Mzg0NjE0OTIsImxuZyI6LTM3Ljg1MjE4Mjg3NX19LCJyZWZpbmVtZW50TGlzdCI6eyJzdHlsZV9wZXJpb2RzIjpbIkFsYXdpIl19LCJpYXQiOjE2ODYzNDYyOTF9.qoLARP0d4BtJXPvDIVLmu5e9UJobi-DfXzU38imnzDA" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Alawi </a>dynasties, both of which trace their lineage back to the Prophet Muhammad. The Sa’adi dynasty first comes to prominence as a militant religious movement opposing the Portuguese presence in Agadir on the southern coast of Morocco, and the Wattasid dynasty, an offshoot of the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Marinid/year/1310" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Maranids</a>, that had resigned itself to a policy of coexistence with Europeans in the Maghreb. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They first occupied&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3820" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Marrakech</a>&nbsp;in 1525/931 AH, and by 1550/957 AH had taken&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3657" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Fes</a>&nbsp;from the Wattasids. The Sa’dis then consolidated their control over what is today the modern state of Morocco, and defended the territory against&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Ottoman/year/1339" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ottoman</a>&nbsp;conquest.&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2615" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ahmad al-Mansur</a>&nbsp;(1578–1603/986-1011 AH) expanded the dynasty’s territory to its greatest extent by conquering the West African state of Songhai in present-day Mali. After his death the kingdom broke into principalities, and there was a marked rise in piracy along the coastline. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The territory was once again reunited by the Alawites, the dynasty that currently rules the kingdom of Morocco. The founder of the dynasty, Mawlay al-Rashid, mobilized Arab tribes against the powerful Berber principality of the Dila marabouts in the Middle Atlas and northern Morocco. He was succeeded by his half brother,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2721" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mawlay Ismail</a>, who used a professional army, drawn from the descendants of the many sub-Saharan Africans brought back to Morocco after the conquest of Songhai. He made the city of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3828" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Meknes&nbsp;</a>his capital, thus pushing this small town into the foreground of Morocco’s architectural history. His death caused a 50 year period of instability and conflict, due to struggles over succession between his sons, who are said to have numbered around 500, and the intrigues and split loyalties of his army officers. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Recovery began during the reign of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2723" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sultan&nbsp;Muhammad ibn Abd Allah</a>&nbsp;(Muhammad III, 1757–90) and&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2626" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sultan Mawlay Sulayman&nbsp;</a>(1792–1822/1206-1237 AH) who took steps to solidify central control of the government and to assert Maliki orthodoxy over maraboutic influence. Some of the most important measures he took were the foundation of the port of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3648" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Essaouira</a>&nbsp;in 1767/1181 AH to place the foreign trade under government control and the development of patronage networks. Nonetheless, increasing dependence on foreign trade made the state vulnerable to foreign intervention and opened the doors for European meddling in the kingdom’s internal affairs. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;From 1912/1330 AH to 1956/1375 AH Morocco came under protectorate status. The Spanish occupied the northern territories along the Mediterranean coastline, thus reinforcing their existing presence in the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, while the French controlled the rest of the country. The sultans Mulay Youssef (1912 – 1927/1330-1345 AH) and Muhammad V (1927 – 1961/1345-1380 AH) maintained figurehead status, while real power was held by the French colonial administration.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1946&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2731" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muhammad V</a>&nbsp;broke ranks with the French colonial powers and assumed leadership of the nationalist movement that sought independence.&nbsp;Since 1956, independent Morocco has continued to be governed by the Alawite dynasty. The present sultan,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2733" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muhammad VI</a>, assumed power in 1999/1420 AH upon the death of his father&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2656" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hassan II</a>. --<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2691" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Michael A. Toler</a>, Archnet Content Manager Related Resources: <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2529" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">North African Gardens</a> Sa'adi Patrons on Archnet&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/7211" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muhammad al-Shaykh Sâadi</a>&nbsp;(r.&nbsp;ca. 1517–1549/951-956 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2616" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sultan Sidi Abdallah al-Ghalib</a>&nbsp;(r. 1557-1574/ 965-982 AH)<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2615" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ahmad al-Mansur Dahbi</a>&nbsp;(r. 1578-1603 / 968-1012 AH) Alawi Patrons on Archnet:<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/8245" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mawlay al-Sharif</a>&nbsp;(founder,&nbsp;r. 1631-1636/1041-1045 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2721" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mawlay Ismail Ibn Sharif</a>&nbsp;(r. 1672-1727/1083-1139 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2723" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sidi Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah al-Khatib</a>&nbsp;(r. 1757-1790/1170-1204 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2626" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Moulay Sulayman</a>&nbsp;(r. 1792-1822/1206-1238 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2731" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mohamed V</a>&nbsp;(r. 1927-1961/1327-1380 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2656" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hassan II</a>&nbsp;(r. 1961-1999/1380-1420 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2733" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mohammed VI</a>&nbsp;(r. 1999-present /1420 AH- present) Additional Archnet Resources: <ul><li>Laribe, Commandant. 1922.&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/publications/5522/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Le Maroc pittoresque: Fès-Meknès-et-région: album de photographies</a>. Marseille: Les Imprimeurs d'art.</li></ul> See, also: <ul><li>Bloom, Jonathan M. 2020. Architecture of the Islamic West. North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800. Yale University Press.</li><li>Castéra, Jean-Marc., Françoise. Peuriot, and Philippe. Ploquin.&nbsp;Arabesques : art décoratif au Maroc&nbsp;Courbevoie: ACR, 1996.</li><li>Marçais, Georges. 1955.&nbsp;L'architecture musulmane d'occident: Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne et Sicile</li><li>﻿Miller, Susan Gilson. 2013.&nbsp;A History of Modern Morocco. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li><li>Rosenberger, Bernard.&nbsp;Le Maroc au XVIe siècle : au seuil de la modernité&nbsp;Deuxième édition. Rabat: Editions et Impressions Bouregreg, 2018.</li><li>Sālim, Saḥar al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz.&nbsp;Madīnat al-Rabāt fī al-tārīkh al-Islāmī : mundhu inshāʼihā ḥattá nihāyat ʻaṣr Banī Marīn&nbsp;al-Iskandarīyah: Muʾassasat Shabāb al-Jāmiʻah, 1996.</li></ul>

Timeline: Sharifian (Morocco) {from 1517}

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Morocco

Complex comprising a mausoleum, a museum, and a mosque, arranged as three separate buildings on the same axis. The architectural vocabulary refers to Morocco's rich architectural heritage. Source: Aga Khan Trust for Culture

Import

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IAA13697

Mohamed V Mausoleum

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IAA13698

Petar Milošević

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color digital photograph

Rabat,_old_and_new.jpg

The Mohammed VI Tower is a 250-meter-high, mixed-use tower on the east bank of the Bou Regreg River in <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3925" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Salé</a>, Morocco, designed by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/10051" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Rafael de la Hoz </a>and <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/10052" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hakim Benjelloun</a>. The client, Othman Benjelloun, chair of the O Capital Group, the project's financiers, wanted the structure to evoke a rocket on the launchpad, emphasizing the project's futuristic vision. Accordingly, the tower's 41,000 m2 footprint is complemented by a 32,500 m2 podium.1 Benjelloun's original plan was for a smaller tower that would be a new BMCE3 headquarters in the financial district of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/6567" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Casablanca</a>, but as the functions of the structure and its intended height grew, the decision was made to build on the east bank of the Bou Regreg River that flows between the capital city of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3900" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Rabat</a> and its neighbor, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3925" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Salé</a>. The 250-meter-high, 55-storey structure is the tallest in Morocco, exceeding the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/1051" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hassan II Mosque</a> minaret in Casablanca by 40 meters. It was built to be visible from anywhere within a 50 km radius, including historic sites like the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/504" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mausoleum of Mohammed V</a> (in which the Hassan II is also entombed), the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/8492" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Kasbah of the Udaya'</a>s , and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/1744" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Chellah</a>, as well as contemporary monuments such as the curvaceous <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/19802" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Grand Théâtre de Rabat</a>, designed by <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/330" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Zaha Hadid</a>. This is, no doubt, intentional, creating a visual landscape in which the future of Morocco, symbolized by the tower, springs from the kingdom's shared cultural history over the centuries. The tower is LEED Gold- and HQE-certified, built with low-carbon cement and featuring 3,350 square meters of solar panels on its south facade. Furthermore, it is equipped with rainwater recovery and wastewater recycling systems, as well as an internal energy-recovery system that provides hot water to the building's occupants. The area around the tower will provide publicly accessible green space alongside the river. It is also designed to withstand seismic events and natural disasters, including flooding from the Bouregreg River. The project is part of a larger development plan for the Bouregreg Valley. -<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2691" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Michael A. Toler</a>, 9 December 2025 Sources: Ajayi, Feyisayo. “Mohammed VI Tower: North Africa’s Tallest Landmark and Bank of Africa’s Iconic Skyscraper.” Shore Africa, May 31, 2025. https://shore.africa/2025/05/31/mohammed-vi-tower-north-africas-tallest-landmark-and-bank-of-africas-iconic-skyscraper/. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/V897-WFKM" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/V897-WFKM</a>. Alto Eko. “Tour Mohammed VI.” Alto Eko, n.d. Accessed December 8, 2025. https://alto-eko.com/portfolio/tour-mohammed-6/. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/3T25-5UEK" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/3T25-5UEK</a>. BESIX. “Mohammed VI Tower.” Corporate. Accessed December 8, 2025. https://www.besix.com/en/projects/mohammed-vi-tower. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/9HVD-YZC9" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/9HVD-YZC9</a>. “Bouregreg Valley Development.” NGO. Union for the Mediterranean - UfM, n.d. Accessed December 9, 2025. https://ufmsecretariat.org/project/bouregreg-valley-development/. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/6BRP-PJM8" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/6BRP-PJM8</a>. Hamdi, Yasmina. “La Tour Mohammed VI de Rafael de La Hoz : un symbole de la silhouette de Rabat.” Journal. A+E Magazine, September 1, 2024. https://aemagazine.ma/la-tour-mohammed-vi-de-rafael-de-la-hoz-un-symbole-de-la-silhouette-de-rabat/. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/6Z75-XF8D" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/6Z75-XF8D</a>. Hospitality ON. “Waldorf Astoria to Open in Rabat’s Mohammed VI Tower in 2025.” December 3, 2024. https://hospitality-on.com/en/hospitality/waldorf-astoria-open-rabats-mohammed-vi-tower-2025. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/2WR6-DQRF." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/2WR6-DQRF.</a> Mellak, Nureddine. “ECOPlanet Reduces CO2 by 32% in Moroccan Tower | Holcim.” HOLCIM, October 26, 2022. https://www.holcim.com/who-we-are/our-stories/ecoplanet-mohammed-vi-tower. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/6LNY-37MC/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/6LNY-37MC/</a>. Oirere, Shem. “A Tower of Success.” Elevator World Europe, April 4, 2024. <a href="https://elevatorworld.com/article/a-tower-of-success/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://elevatorworld.com/article/a-tower-of-success/</a>. Phosphoris. “Tour Mohammed VI à Rabat, au Maroc - PHOSPHORIS.” Phosphoris. Accessed December 8, 2025. https://www.phosphoris.fr/fr/project/tour-mohammed-vi-a-rabat-au-maroc/. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/VK69-DXJY" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/VK69-DXJY</a>. STUDIO BOLLE. “Mohammed VI Tower - Studio Akkerhuis.” Accessed December 8, 2025. https://www.studiobolle.com/portfolio/mohammed-vi-tower---studio-akkerhuis. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/WA6V-YZUU" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/WA6V-YZUU</a>. “Tower Building Mohammed VI.” Ney &amp; Partners, n.d. Accessed December 8, 2025. https://ney.partners/project/tower-building-mohammed-vi/. Archived at:<a href=" https://perma.cc/N4ZZ-HPQ4" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> https://perma.cc/N4ZZ-HPQ4</a>. Wikipedia. “Tour Mohammed-VI.” In Wikipédia. August 8, 2025. https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tour_Mohammed-VI&amp;oldid=227965461. Archived at: <a href="https://perma.cc/FN56-XAUZ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/FN56-XAUZ</a>.

Mohammed VI Tower

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IAA13699

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IAA13700

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IAA13701

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IAA13702

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IAA13704

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IAA13705

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IAA13711

Muhammad V Mausoleum

Variant

See, also, <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2379" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Sharifian</a> Alternate names: ʿAlawī, Alaouite, Alawid, Filālī S̲h̲arīfs, سلالة العلويين الفيلاليينApproximate dates:1631/1041 AH - presentTerritory: Current rulers of the Kingdom of Morocco. On Archnet: ﻿Rulers:<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/8245" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mawlay al-Sharif</a>&nbsp;(founder,&nbsp;r. 1631-1636/1041-1045 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2721" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mawlay Ismail Ibn Sharif</a>&nbsp;(r. 1672-1727/1083-1139 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2723" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sidi Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah al-Khatib</a>&nbsp;(r. 1757-1790/1170-1204 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2626" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Moulay Sulayman</a>&nbsp;(r. 1792-1822/1206-1238 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2731" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mohamed V</a>&nbsp;(r. 1927-1961/1327-1380 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2656" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hassan II</a>&nbsp;(r. 1961-1999/1380-1420 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2733" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mohammed VI</a>&nbsp;(r. 1999-present /1420 AH- present) Capital Cities:<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3828" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Meknes</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3900" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Rabat </a>

Alawi

For more information see <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2379" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Sharifian</a> Sharifian dynasties derive their legitimacy from prophetic descent. The first Sharifian dynasty was the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2362" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Idrisid dynasty</a> in the 8th c./ 2nd c. AH, but for our purposes the term refers to the two most recent ruling dynasties in Morocco, the Sa'di and Alawi Dynasties, both of which trace their lineage back to the Prophet Muhammad. The Sa’adi dynasty first comes to prominence as a militant religious movement opposing the Portuguese presence in Agadir on the southern coast of Morocco, and the Wattasid dynasty, an offshoot of the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Marinid/year/1310" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Maranids</a>, that had resigned itself to a policy of coexistence with Europeans in the Maghreb. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They first occupied&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3820" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Marrakech</a>&nbsp;in 1525/931 AH, and by 1550/957 AH had taken&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3657" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Fes</a>&nbsp;from the Wattasids. The Sa’dis then consolidated their control over what is today the modern state of Morocco, and defended the territory against&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Ottoman/year/1339" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ottoman</a>&nbsp;conquest.&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2615" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ahmad al-Mansur</a>&nbsp;(1578–1603/986-1011 AH) expanded the dynasty’s territory to its greatest extent by conquering the West African state of Songhai in present-day Mali. After his death the kingdom broke into principalities, and there was a marked rise in piracy along the coastline. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The territory was once again reunited by the Alawites, the dynasty that currently rules the kingdom of Morocco. The founder of the dynasty, Mawlay al-Rashid, mobilized Arab tribes against the powerful Berber principality of the Dila marabouts in the Middle Atlas and northern Morocco. He was succeeded by his half brother,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2721" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mawlay Ismail</a>, who used a professional army, drawn from the descendants of the many sub-Saharan Africans brought back to Morocco after the conquest of Songhai. He made the city of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3828" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Meknes&nbsp;</a>his capital, thus pushing this small town into the foreground of Morocco’s architectural history. His death caused a 50 year period of instability and conflict, due to struggles over succession between his sons, who are said to have numbered around 500, and the intrigues and split loyalties of his army officers. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Recovery began during the reign of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2723" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sultan&nbsp;Muhammad ibn Abd Allah</a>&nbsp;(Muhammad III, 1757–90) and&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2626" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sultan Mawlay Sulayman&nbsp;</a>(1792–1822/1206-1237 AH) who took steps to solidify central control of the government and to assert Maliki orthodoxy over maraboutic influence. Some of the most important measures he took were the foundation of the port of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3648" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Essaouira</a>&nbsp;in 1767/1181 AH to place the foreign trade under government control and the development of patronage networks. Nonetheless, increasing dependence on foreign trade made the state vulnerable to foreign intervention and opened the doors for European meddling in the kingdom’s internal affairs. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;From 1912/1330 AH to 1956/1375 AH Morocco came under protectorate status. The Spanish occupied the northern territories along the Mediterranean coastline, thus reinforcing their existing presence in the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, while the French controlled the rest of the country. The sultans Mulay Youssef (1912 – 1927/1330-1345 AH) and Muhammad V (1927 – 1961/1345-1380 AH) maintained figurehead status, while real power was held by the French colonial administration.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1946&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2731" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muhammad V</a>&nbsp;broke ranks with the French colonial powers and assumed leadership of the nationalist movement that sought independence.&nbsp;Since 1956, independent Morocco has continued to be governed by the Alawite dynasty. The present sultan,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2733" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muhammad VI</a>, assumed power in 1999/1420 AH upon the death of his father&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2656" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hassan II</a>. Michael A. Toler Sa'adi Patrons on Archnet&nbsp;<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/7211" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Muhammad al-Shaykh Sâadi</a>&nbsp;(r.&nbsp;ca. 1517–1549/951-956 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2616" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sultan Sidi Abdallah al-Ghalib</a>&nbsp;(r. 1557-1574/ 965-982 AH)<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/2615" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ahmad al-Mansur Dahbi</a>&nbsp;(r. 1578-1603 / 968-1012 AH) Alawi Patrons on Archnet:<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/8245" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mawlay al-Sharif</a>&nbsp;(founder,&nbsp;r. 1631-1636/1041-1045 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2721" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mawlay Ismail Ibn Sharif</a>&nbsp;(r. 1672-1727/1083-1139 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2723" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Sidi Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah al-Khatib</a>&nbsp;(r. 1757-1790/1170-1204 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2626" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Moulay Sulayman</a>&nbsp;(r. 1792-1822/1206-1238 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2731" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mohamed V</a>&nbsp;(r. 1927-1961/1327-1380 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2656" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Hassan II</a>&nbsp;(r. 1961-1999/1380-1420 AH)<a href="https://archnet.org/authorities/2733" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Mohammed VI</a>&nbsp;(r. 1999-present /1420 AH- present)

Mohamed V Mausoleum
Rabat, Morocco

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Mohamed V Mausoleum
Rabat, Morocco

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Mohamed V MausoleumRabat, Morocco

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Mohamed V Mausoleum
Rabat, Morocco